考虑大气沉降的湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析

针对面源污染为主的湖库型流域,为建立水质目标管理与污染总量控制之间更精准的响应关系,借鉴日最大负荷总量模式,基于物质量平衡原理提出考虑径流丰枯变化、不均匀混合、大气沉降等影响因素的湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析方法,包括污染混合区设置、代表水文系列确定、逐日分区水量水质计算。以沙河水库为例,分别以全湖Ⅱ类、主湖Ⅱ类作为水质管理目标,采用2010—2015年代表水文系列对总氮动态水环境容量进行精细解析。结果表明：全湖Ⅱ类、主湖Ⅱ类水质管理目标下沙河水库总氮水环境容量的多年均值分别为36.7 t和99.43 t,若不考虑湖滨混合区,全湖Ⅱ类水质目标下总氮的年水环境容量计算值偏大66.43%;实施水质目标管理的水域面积越大,大气沉降对水环境容量的影响越大;径流年际及年内丰枯变化对水环境容量的影响显著;各分区总氮控制总量占全流域总量的比例与面积比基本一致。湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析可量化不同因素对水环境容量计算结果的影响,科学解析面源输入型湖库水环境容量的时空结构特征,实现水质目标管理与污染总量分区管控的有机联动,更好地支撑流域水环境的精细化管理。     

Effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration and estimation accuracy of depth-average concentration in downstream reaches

The sediment regime in the middle Yangtze River has been significantly changed from quasi-equilibrium to nonequilibrium since the impoundment of the Three Georges Reservoir (TGR). To understand the effects of the TGR on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and estimation accuracy of mean concentration, vertical sediment concentration and flow velocity data at the Shashi and Jianli hydrological stations in the reach before and after the impoundment were collected. Comparisons and analysis of vertical profiles of SSC before and after the TGR impoundment show that after the impoundment of the TGR, due to the coarsening of sediment particle size, the reduction in sediment load, and the significant decrease in sediment saturation, the vertical distribution of SSC in the downstream reaches became more uneven under medium and low water flows, which was reflected in the vertical gradient and the fluctuation degree of SSC significantly increased. In addition, the depth-average sediment concentrations were calculated by the selected-point method and the mean values calculated by the “multi-point method” were regarded as the “true mean” to evaluate the accuracy of the mean value calculated by the “few-point method.” It was found that the relative errors for the selected-point method were mainly positive before impoundment but mainly negative after impoundment. Additionally, the correction factors of one-point, two-point, and three-point methods and the position of the near-bed substituted point for the five-point method were given to reduce the error when the point measurements were used to calculate the depth-average sediment concentration in the downstream reaches.     

长江中游监利段近10年水位流量响应关系新特点

为了掌握三峡水库试验性蓄水以后长江监利河段水位流量响应关系新特点,以监利水文站为代表,采用数理统计、影响因素相关分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水后,尤其是试验性蓄水后监利河段河床冲刷,同水位过水面积增加,但监利站水位流量关系随断面冲淤调整的特征与下荆江裁弯及三峡水库蓄水初期河床冲刷引起的水位流量关系变化特征有较大不同。下荆江裁弯引起监利站各流量级相应水位降低0.62～0.95 m;蓄水初期(2003～2008年),监利站实测流量点群中心线同流量对应水位比蓄水前有所下降。试验性蓄水期(2009～2018年),同流量对应水位仅在枯水期有明显降低,随着流量级增加,水位降低幅度逐渐减小,当流量超过平滩流量,对应水位基本无变化。水面比降是监利段水位流量关系的主要影响因素,河床冲刷是次要影响因素;该河段水位流量特征的变化受洞庭湖出流顶托影响不明显。     

三峡水库汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式计算研究

在入库沙量大幅减少的背景下,三峡水库持续开展汛期中小洪水调度,增大了汛期库区泥沙淤积和防洪风险,减少了水库下泄大流量的机会。在三峡水库汛期,开展“蓄清排浑”泥沙调度方式动态运用研究有助于进一步优化三峡水库汛期调度方式。利用三峡水库干支流河道一维非恒定流数学模型,探索开展了三峡水库汛期 “蓄清排浑”动态运用方式计算研究,并提出了汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方案。计算结果表明:三峡水库汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式可以同时兼顾排沙、发电和防洪,“蓄清”水位150 m要优于155 m,“蓄清”运行期间库水位可选择在145~150 m之间浮动运行;建议将寸滩含沙量达到2.0 kg/m³且当日寸滩站入库流量≥25 000 m³/s的时间作为水库增泄“排浑”的起始时间,将出库含沙量降至约0.1 kg/m³作为“排浑”调度结束重新进入“蓄清”调度的泥沙参考因素。研究成果可为三峡水库汛期优化调度提供参考。     

考虑随机来水的水电站中长期发电调度多重风险分析

为了分析来水不确定性导致的水电站发电风险,构建了日径流随机模拟模型,模拟生成了长系列径流序列,建立常规调度和优化调度模型,并将模拟径流序列作为输入驱动调度模型。以年均发电量、发电稳定性、弃水量、发电保证率、蓄满率为主要风险指标,建立了发电风险分析的指标体系。在此基础上,以三峡水库作为调度模型的研究实例,比较了常规调度和优化调度的风险水平。结果表明:优化调度较常规调度年发电量增加约5%;信息熵结果显示优化调度模型不确定性较小,更加稳定;优化调度弃水量约为常规调度的50%,且优化调度降低了出力破坏风险。文中给出的优化调度模型所得调度过程在经济效益及风险控制方面都有较优的表现。     

前坪水库溢洪道高边坡设计方案优化研究

前坪水库溢洪道高边坡的初步设计方案中,开挖边坡坡度为1∶0.5,采用5 m长锚杆Φ25 mm@2×2 m加固支护。通过系统优化研究,调整开挖边坡坡度为1∶0.4,采用10 m长锚杆Φ25 mm@3×3 m加固支护。采用GEO-SLOPE软件对不同工况下前坪水库溢洪道高边坡的稳定性进行了极限平衡分析,并采用FLAC 3D软件计算了不同工况下边坡的应力和变形分布规律。计算结果表明:优化设计方案中溢洪道高边坡开挖后在无水、正常水位及相应地震工况下的安全系数均大于1.3,满足规范要求。按优化设计方案开挖后,边坡在无水、遭遇洪水及地震3种工况下,开挖面上的最大主应力均出现拉应力,3种工况下的最大拉应力为0.24 MPa,小于安山玢岩的抗拉强度。优化设计方案与初步设计阶段的方案相比,可减少土石方开挖量约5万m3,具有显著的经济效益。     

柘林水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响

为探究水源水库污染物来源及水质变化规律,以九江市水源地柘林水库为研究对象,于2013年4月—2014年4月逐月对柘林水库进行水质监测.现场测定水温、溶解氧等指标,分层取样测定水体CODMn、TOC、TN、TP、Fe、Mn等水质指标.结果表明,柘林水库主要污染物来源为上游来水,其对CODMn、TN、TP贡献率分别达88.3%、76.2%和67.6%.在水体稳定分层期,底部水体CODMn、TOC、TN、TP、Fe、Mn质量浓度分别升高至3.8、2.4、1.12、0.14、0.42和0.34 mg/L;藻类计数及藻种鉴定结果表明,此时期主库区最大藻密度达2.25×106L-1,以绿藻为主.水体混合后出现Mn质量浓度超标问题,达0.16 mg/L.     

贵州杨柳溪水库灌区渠系建筑物优化设计

针对贵州杨柳溪水库灌区地质条件较复杂,沿线部分渠段边坡稳定性较差、易形成高陡边坡等问题,在现场踏勘的基础上,综合考虑工程占地、施工难度及工程投资等因素,规划出渠系整体布置方案,优选了渠系建筑物结构形式。     

Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km^?3?year.     

大宁调蓄水库蓄水后生态环境效益分析

南水北调工程的建成通水,改变了北京城市供水格局,给北京带来了巨大的效益,生态环境效益就是其中重要一环。分析北京市南水北调配套工程生态环境效益的组成,科学地计算和评估生态效益,对于未来北京市南水北调配套工程效益的发挥、工程的运行管理、首都水务事业的发展有着重要意义,大宁调蓄水库是北京市南水北调配套工程之一,经计算,大宁调蓄水库蓄水后生态环境总效益为34176.29万元。计算方法也可为类似工程生态环境效益的估算提供参考。