改装元素分析—稳定同位素比值质谱联用仪测定固体样品硫同位素

本文对元素分析—稳定同位素比值质谱联用仪(EA-IRM S)进行改装,并利用其测定不同形态硫同位素标准物质和样品.结果表明,在色谱柱后加装SO2气体捕集管,可捕集氧化还原产生的SO2气体,并重复调用作为参考气使用,无需外部引入高纯SO2气体,减小了其对仪器管路腐蚀和实验室环境危害;硫酸钡进样量约400μg时,捕集管中的...     

Consumer‐diet discrimination of δ13C and δ15N: Source‐ and feeding‐oriented patterns based on gut content analysis in a large subtropical river of China

Understanding the trophic discrimination (?¹³C and ?¹⁵N) between consumers and diets in fluvial systems remains difficult because of the variable food sources and complex predator–prey interactions from headwaters to the estuaries. Here, stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes in fish and invertebrates from a large subtropical river in southern China were determined to explore trophic discrimination in conjunction with a gut content analysis. The ?¹³C values showed significant differences (p < .05) among functional feeding groups, with fish, shrimp, and insect scrapers presenting higher ?¹³C values (1.20 ± 0.23‰ to 1.51 ± 0.31‰) than other groups. The ?¹⁵N values varied significantly between invertebrates (0.64 ± 0.17‰ of insect collector‐gatherers to 1.63 ± 0.36‰ of shrimp predators) and fish (1.98 ± 0.19‰ of detritivores to 2.71 ± 0.43‰ of crustaceavores) and exhibited an increasing tendency from primary to secondary consumers. A linear regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal changes in ?¹³C and ?¹⁵N were closely associated with the δ¹³C of periphyton, the δ¹⁵N of particulate organic matter (POM) in water, and the relative contribution (%) of periphyton and organic detritus to the diet composition of consumers. These results indicated that discrimination factors might not only be influenced by the isotope signatures of basal food sources but also downstream shifts in dominant food items utilized by consumers. In particular, trophic discrimination between periphyton– and detritus–based food chains, such as “epilithic diatoms–shrimp scrapers–crustaceavorous fish” and “POM–bivalves–molluscivorous fish,” displayed regionally specific patterns. When back‐calculating to the diet assimilation and trophic position in subtropical streams and rivers, we suggest using the basin‐scale ?¹³C value of 0.96 ± 0.26‰ for all consumers and ?¹⁵N values of 1.07 ± 0.32‰ for invertebrates and 2.38 ± 0.37‰ for fish.     

基于水文循环分析的雅砻江流域生态需水量计算

本文提出基于水文循环分析的生态需水量计算流程图和方法,即通过野外现场查勘和室内遥感分析,总结研究区生态需水特征,运用环境同位素技术分析水分来源和河道内外水力补给关系,确定明确的生态保护目标,选定合适的生态需水估算方法并进行计算。最后对雅砻江流域河道内外的生态需水量进行计算。结果表明,雅砻江河道径流主要受大气降水补给,地下水单向补给河道水;河道内外生态保护目标分别为保持当前植被面积不减少和保证优势鱼类生长繁殖期最低生境条件;天然降水即可满足草地林地的生态需水要求。雅砻江热巴坝址处最小生态流量范围为36.3～46.8m3/s。     

Use of Stable Isotopes to Trace Municipal Wastewater Effluents into Food Webs within a Highly Developed River System

Many anthropogenic inputs, such as municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs), affect stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) at the base of exposed food webs creating spatial patterns reflecting their incorporation into aquatic food webs. The Grand River in southern Ontario, Canada, is a heavily modified, rapidly urbanizing river that assimilates wastewater from 30 municipal wastewater treatment plants. Stable isotope analysis was applied to resident aquatic invertebrates and fish influenced by three different wastewater outfalls in early, middle, and late summer to determine how values shifted seasonally and with differing effluent quality. There was a slight increase in δ¹³C in both invertebrates and fish in late summer downstream from the three outfalls, but it is difficult to separate effects of the effluents from downstream gradients. Downstream of two of the three outfalls, the δ¹⁵N tended to increase relative to upstream, while the remaining effluent, of the poorest quality, decreased δ¹⁵N values of both invertebrates and fish. Spatial trends in stable isotopes became more pronounced as the summer progressed with the greatest between‐site differences occurring in late summer. This study reflects the complex nutrient dynamics associated with MWWE inputs to rivers and contributes to our understanding and application of stable isotope analysis in impacted lotic ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷徐闻X1井油气地球化学特征

通过对北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷徐闻X 1井所产天然气和原油样品的系统分析,指出该井天然气甲烷含量低、重烃气体含量高、干燥系数低,属于原油伴生气,而乙烷和丙烷的碳同位素值小于-30‰,是典型的油型气;该井原油的三环萜烷系列呈C19>C20>C21>C23>C24>C25>C26的阶梯状分布,呈煤成油的特征,但丰富的C27甾烷的存在表明该原油属于典型的湖相原油,而非煤成油,其生物标志物组成的重要特征是富含各种重排构型化合物,表明该原油的烃源岩形成于浅水、弱还原的淡水沉积环境。     

川南地区嘉陵江组天然气气源研究

对川南地区下三叠统嘉陵江组烃源岩生烃条件、碳同位素特征、气源方向及运移通道作了分析研究，认为其自身生烃条件较差，气藏常规组分差异较大，高干燥系数与储量大小关系密切；烷烃类气体碳同位素特征分析证实该组气源与下伏上二叠统的烃源地层有关，混源特征明显；氩同位素特征表明该组气藏气源与二叠系具明显的亲缘关系；结合运移与聚集条件等分析确认该区嘉陵江组天然气主要来源于深层二叠系烃源层，储量大与混源密切相关；烃源岩内部断层是其主要运移通道。     

煤岩显微组分模拟实验气态产物碳氢同位素特征

碳氢同位素研究是油气地球化学研究的一个重要方面。通过对神山褐煤镜质组与丝质组中碳氢同位素的分析得出:同一温阶,镜质组和丝质组气体产物中甲烷及其同系物具有与天然气相似的碳同位素分布特征,随烷烃分子碳数增加而逐渐增高,即δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3;不同温阶时,气体产物中甲烷及其同系物的δ13C具有明显的同位素分馏特征,即随温度的增加δ13C1、δ13C2、δ13C3值相应增高。而对镜质组与丝质组气体产物中的δD而言:同一温阶,具有δDH2δD1δD2δD3δD4的规律;不同温阶,随温度的增加,δDH2、δD1、δD2、δD3、δD4值相应增高,也表现出明显的同位素分馏特征。     

注入剖面双示踪测井技术研究及在华北油田应用

采用双示踪测井技术进行注入剖面测井,可以有效消除同位素微球沾污管柱、进入大孔道地层等对传统同位素微球示踪测井资料的影响,准确反映层段吸水情况。双示踪测井技术一次下井可获取井温、放射性示踪流量和同位素测井资料,通过井温资料定性判断吸水层,利用示踪流量测井资料确定各层绝对吸水量,由同位素测井资料确定吸水层的吸水厚度,3种方法结合提高了注入剖面测井解释成果质量。该方法在华北油田注入剖面测井中得到了广泛应用,取得了很好的效果,提高了注入剖面解释成果的准确率,为调整开发方案和工程作业提供了可靠依据。     

吐哈盆地雁木西油田天然气成因分析

雁木西油田所产天然气在吐哈盆地有一定的特殊性，主要表现为含有一定量的硫化氢气体，部分样品的氮气含量高、甲烷含量低、烃类碳同位素值较重，并且重烃碳同位素值发生了倒转。探讨这些特殊性有助于全面认识吐哈盆地的天然气来源、成因与分布规律等，为此在天然气地球化学特征分析的基础上，结合具体的地质条件对天然气的来源、成因进行了系统地分析并取得了如下认识：①雁木西油田的原油溶解气分布在鄯善群和白垩系油藏中，成因上为腐殖型天然气，由烃类和非烃类组成；②烃类气体由甲烷和重烃组成，不同组分的含量与干燥系数均在较宽的范围内变化，但都表现为湿气特征；③非烃类气体主要由N₂、H₂S、CO₂等组成，其中CO₂含量普遍较低；④烃类气体、部分非烃气体及其伴生的原油主要来自侏罗系烃源岩，部分高含量的氮气为大气来源，硫化氢与深部石炭系海相碳酸盐岩有关；⑤部分天然气遭受了次生变化，烃类碳同位素值偏重、重烃碳同位素值倒转均与细菌的生物降解作用有关。     

塔里木盆地阿克1气藏天然气的地球化学特征和成因

阿克1气藏是在塔里木盆地西南坳陷喀什凹陷油气勘探中发现的工业性气藏,这是该区天然气勘探的重大突破。根据天然气组分的含量、甲烷和乙烷碳同位素值及稀有气体同位素数据,分析了阿克1气藏天然气的地球化学特征。阿克1气藏天然气为典型干气,甲烷占优势(占80%～91%),重烃含量极低(不超过0.3%),非烃含量高(一般为20%左右),甲烷和乙烷碳同位素重(分别为-25.2‰～-24.7‰和-21.9‰～-21.1‰),稀有气体同位素比值高(3He/4He值达8.34×10-7、40Ar/36Ar值为1438)。结合地质背景,应用碳同位素动力学模拟计算结果,探讨了阿克1气藏天然气的成熟度和气源,为天然气成因评价提供了新思路。认为阿克1气藏天然气是烃源岩过成熟演化阶段的产物,其RO范围为2.0%～3.6%,属于混源气。