基于雪岭云杉树轮的阿克苏河干流冬季径流重建

基于阿克苏河上游高山区采集的雪岭云杉树轮样芯构建了雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表,结合阿克苏河干流径流数据解析了雪岭云杉长期生长与阿克苏河干流径流关系,并重建了阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列。结果表明:利用雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表重建的阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列模拟值与实测值吻合度较高,重建径流序列稳定可靠;1813—2015年阿克苏河干流冬季多年平均流量为82.19 m~3/s,共出现5次持续丰水期和3次持续枯水期,最长的枯水段持续17年(1943—1959年);阿克苏河干流冬季径流变化存在51 a、29 a、16 a周期,第一主周期为51 a。     

甬江感潮河流上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响

为分析甬江上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响,基于Delft3D数学模型开展了典型潮洪条件下甬江上下游不同码头群对河道水流特性的影响研究,结果表明:单段码头群位置距河口越远,或码头分布越密集,引起的水位壅高程度越大;在不同码头群共同产生壅水影响的区域,全河段码头群引起的河道洪水位变化比各码头群单独影响时增大,在不同码头群产生水位壅高和降低影响的河段,全河段码头群作用下水位影响部分相抵,但由于降低幅度小于壅高幅度,河道洪水位变化仍呈增大状态;码头群工程局部流速减少区域和外侧河道流速增加区域均呈带状分布,全河段码头群联合作用加剧了单段码头群引起的河道流速的变化且流速减小程度较流速增加程度大。     

Influence of a high‐head dam as a dispersal barrier to fish community structure of the Upper Mississippi River

In river systems, high‐head dams may increase the distance‐decay of fish community similarity by creating nearly impermeable dispersal barriers to certain species from upstream reaches. Substantial evidence suggests that migratory species are impacted by dams, and most previous studies in stream/river networks have focused on small streams and headwaters. Here, we assess whether a high‐head dam (Lock and Dam 19; LD 19) on a large river, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), substantially alters fish community structure relative to variability expected to occur independent of the dam's effect as a fish dispersal barrier. Using fish catch per unit effort data, we modelled the distance‐decay function for the UMR fish community and then estimated the similarity that would be expected to occur across LD19 and compared it with measured similarity. Measured similarity in the fish community above and below LD19 was close to the expected value based on the distance‐decay function, suggesting LD19 does not create an abrupt transition in the fish community. Although some migratory fish species no longer occur above LD19 (e.g., skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris), these species do not occur in high abundance below the dam and so do not drive variation in fish community structure. Instead, much of the variation in species structure is driven by the loss/gain of species across the latitudinal gradient. Lock and Dam 19 does not appear to be a clear transition point in the river's fish community, although it may function as a meaningful barrier for particular species (e.g., invasive species) and warrant future attention from a management perspective.     

A customised approach to determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small flood events in a regulated river

The construction of dams significantly alters flow and sediment regimes with subsequent deleterious effects on the morphological and ecological character of rivers. Effective experimental floods can ameliorate the downstream geomorphic impacts of dams. The traditional view is that large floods are required to perform effective geomorphic work, and the geomorphic outcomes of small floods are often overlooked. Many river restoration frameworks do not consider small floods. Yet, there is evidence that the hydrological characteristics that ameliorate specific geomorphic impacts in a river are unique to each river, and a customised approach to setting the right mix of floods (including small experimental floods) is needed. In this study, we modify an existing flood effectiveness model developed for large floods, for determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods in a highly regulated Australian river. Two flood classes were added to the model (medium peak stream power and moderate total energy expenditure), and the flood power characteristics were rescaled to reflect the relative difference in the magnitude of the small floods and the magnitude of the geomorphic work performed. Using a step‐wise approach, this customised model determined the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods. The best flood for ameliorating the geomorphic impacts of flow regulation had medium to long duration (10 to 51 days), high peak unit stream power (77 to 123 Wm^?2) and moderate to large total energy expenditure (78,600 to 342,320 × 10³ J). This approach to determining flood effectiveness for small floods is applicable to other geomorphically impacted river channels downstream of dams and can be used to inform experimental flood releases for geomorphic outcomes.     

基于Landsat的淮河干流水质监测的可行性分析

流域水体污染已成为影响岸边带经济社会发展的热点问题,明确流域水质变化趋势是实施水体污染控制和综合治理的前提。针对流域水质状况及其发展趋势的监测问题,以淮河干流为研究对象,在现有的流域水质监测手段的基础上,结合实测水质数据和同步Landsat数据,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了TM、OLI水质遥感监测模型,开展了2006-2017年淮河干流水体污染趋势分析。结果表明：TM、OLI水质综合污染指数遥感监测模型计算值与实测值之间绝对误差不超过 0.17,相对误差不超过7.11%;模型计算的2006-2017年淮河干流各类污染水体面积占比变化情况与实际监测结果一致,模型可用于淮河干流水质动态监测中;将遥感影像数据与典型断面监测数据相结合,建立流域水质监测模型的思路是可行的。研究结果为大尺度流域水质动态监测和生态环境保护提供了一种新的思路。     

基于1960-2018年实测径流与水文学方法的开都河生态流量分析

为科学地确定河流生态流量,保障流域水安全与生态环境健康,基于开都河大山口水文站1960-2018年的实测径流数据,采用Tennant法、典型水文频率年法、最枯月平均流量法和Q_p法等4种水文学方法计算了河流的生态流量,通过对比分析确定基于Tennant法的计算结果最为适宜。计算结果表明：开都河大山口水文站10-翌年3月的平均生态流量应不小于15.60 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为 2.47×10⁸ m³;4-9月的平均生态流量应不小于46.15 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为7.30×10⁸ 　m³,全年生态流量平均不小于30.88 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为9.77×10⁸ 　m³。该生态流量目标可满足开都河大山口至博斯腾湖河段的河道径流损失,保证河流基本生态功能与水生态安全。计算分析结果可为开都河河流生态流量管理提供支撑。     

丹江生态流量计算研究

丹江是汉江的重要支流,水力资源较为丰富,在河南省境内丹江干流上建有两座小型水电站,水力发电效益较好,但对下游河道生态造成了不利影响。本文根据实测流量资料,采用水文学方法进行河道生态流量计算,提出丹江干流水电站下泄生态流量要求及保障措施,为丹江河南段的水生态保护提供借鉴和参考。     

雅鲁藏布江流域枯水期化学风化及 CO2 消耗

基于雅鲁藏布江流域枯水期干支流地表径流、泉水、地下水以及降水样品,对主要离子、pH、TDS和CO_2消耗进行分析,研究枯水期水化学特征及成因,并分析流域化学风化速率及CO_2消耗通量。结果表明:流域水体总体呈现弱碱性,地表径流TDS均值约为世界河流的2.3倍,和长江流域相似,但远低于黄河流域。岩石风化是地表径流离子来源的主要影响因素。碳酸盐风化、硅酸盐风化和蒸发盐风化分别占离子来源的46.3%、28.6%和21.3%,碳酸盐风化速率和硅酸盐风化速率分别为1.43t/(km~2·a)和1.11t/(km~2·a),对应的CO_2消耗速率为0.80×10~5mol/(km~2·a)和0.55×10~5 mol/(km~2·a),枯水期化学风化速率和CO_2消耗速率较小。     

未来气候变化影响下的流域面源污染负荷特征响应评估

针对流域面源污染负荷在未来气候变化影响下的变化特征,以我国新安江上游率水流域为例,使用通用流域污染负荷模型(GWLF),对其2000-2013年的水量及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷通量进行了模拟,并解析了其负荷来源分配。在此基础上,基于政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)的气候变化评估报告结果,利用GWLF模型分析了到21世纪20年代、50年代、80年代在A1FI(最高排放)和B1(最低排放)情景下,率水流域的水文及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷特征变化。结果表明:未来气候变化对流域水文及面源污染负荷特征均有一定影响。年水资源量先减少后增加,地表径流量和蒸发量逐渐上升而地下水量逐渐下降。到2080s,A1FI情景比B1情景有更多的水资源量。年总氮通量先增加后减少,在2050s最高,而年总磷通量则逐渐增加,且两种污染物均在A1FI排放情景下有更高的污染负荷量,表明人类温室气体的排放会潜在地增加流域水体面源污染负荷。     

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Sediment from Songhua River Basin, Northeast of China

Sixty sediment samples were collected from the main Songhua River in three years. Twelve polybrominated diphenyl ether ( PBDE) congeners ( BDE17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 138, 183, and BDE?209) w...