Properties of aqueous solutions for two binary mixed systems between two kinds of bile salts and nonionic surfactants

The micellar properties of aqueous binary mixed solutions for two systems consisting of sodium cholate (NaC)-octaoxyethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether (C₁₀E₈) and sodium glycocholate (NaGC)-C₁₀E₈ have been studied on the basis of surface tensions, polarity of the micelle interior and the mean aggregation number. Application of two theoretical treatments, based on regular solution and excess thermodynamic quantities for critical micellar concentration (CMC) data from surface tension curves of two mixed systems showed that the mole fraction of each bile salt in the mixed micelles near the CMC is lower than that of the corresponding prepared mole fraction in the mixed solution. The polarity of the interior suggested that the hydrophobicity of intramicelles increased with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salt in the mixed solution and that the mixed micelles become dramatically more hydrophobic at a mole fraction of 0.68 for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system and 0.75 for NaC−C₁₀E₈ system, respectively. This implies that the micelles become richer in the bile salt molecules and the tendency appears strongly for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system due to the strong cohesion between the conjugated glycines in the NaGC molecules. The decrease of aggregation number with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salts shows that the micelles approach those of the single system of each bile salt. This supports the previously mentioned facts.     

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer simulations in a parallel plate reactor

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer in a parallel plate reactor at high Schmidt number obtained from numerical simulation is compared with literature data. In a first step, the fluid flow is determined numerically in the reactor by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. For turbulent flow, a low Reynolds number k— model is used to calculate the turbulent viscosity. Using the obtained flow field and turbulent viscosity, the current density distribution is calculated for different flow velocities by solving the equations describing the transport of multiple ions due to diffusion, convection and migration. For the laminar case, a very good agreement with literature data is obtained. For turbulent flow, different numerical models for turbulent mass transfer are proposed in the literature. A detailed study of the behaviour close to the wall of these different turbulence models is presented, together with a comparison of the calculated results with literature correlations. This allows identification of the benefits and disadvantages of each of the turbulence models for the numerical calculation of mass transfer at high Schmidt numbers in a parallel plate reactor.     

Alkyd emulsions

Various aspects of alkyd emulsion technology have been investigated. The influence of alkyd oil length, acid value and hydroxyl number and type of surfactant used as emulsifier, on shear stability of alkyds emulsions have been studied. It was found that the acid value was the most important alkyd parameter, the stability increasing with increasing oil length. It is also shown that anionic surfactants give emulsions with small droplet sizes at lower concentrations than do nonionics. Polymerizable nonionic surfactants have been tested as emulsifiers and compared with conventional surfactants of the same hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB). It was found that surfactants capable of participating in the autoridative curing process give faster drying and improved film hardness compared with nonreactive surfactants. The distribution of driers between the alkyd phase and the water phase has been investigated. It was found that low pH and the use of hydrophilic anionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, favour partitioning of cobalt into the aqueous phase which is unfavourable with respect to drying properties.     

基于方程式逆序数的软件水印算法*

针对方程式重排序等算法存在的程序运行速度、信息隐藏量等问题,提出基于方程式操作数系数排列逆序数的软件水印算法。重新排列那些可以相互交换的操作数,使各操作数的系数按照一定次序排列。通过排列的逆序数和二进制数的一一对应关系来隐藏水印。这一方法无须向程序中添加任何代码,并且能有效提高隐藏数据的效率,程序的规模和速度并不受影响。     

R&D项目价值评估的灰色B-S模型

针对传统净现值法不能有效评估RD项目价值的缺点,探讨了RD项目价值评估的适用方法,建立了基于区间灰数的RD项目价值评估灰色B-S模型,通过实例说明了该模型的有效性,并与传统净现值法的评估结果进行比较.结果表明,实物期权方法在评估RD项目价值时具有优势,为RD项目投资决策提供了一条新思路.     

多目标灰色局势决策方法研究

在传统灰色局势决策的基础上,探讨了评价信息为区间灰数的情况,给出了多目标灰色局势决策问题确定目标权重的优化模型.首先考虑不同目标下各局势效果测度与正理想效果测度、负理想效果测度的偏差建立优化模型,获得各局势的理想目标权重;再从全局考虑建立二次规划模型,通过协调权向量获得灰色局势决策各目标的最佳综合权重向量.利用区间灰数可能度公式对每个事件的局势进行排序,获得最优局势,从而进一步完善了传统的灰色局势决策理论和分析方法.最后通过实例验证了该模型的有效性和可行性.     

模糊数直觉模糊集的距离

定义了一种新的模糊数直觉模糊集的距离,同时给出并证明了它的一个距离公式,并通过具体的例子进行了计算。最后将这个距离公式应用到一个实例中。该实例表明,在得不到精确数据的情况下,通过所定义的模糊数直觉模糊集的距离公式,进行模糊数估计和计算,可以对商品价格进行评估。     

不同分布φ^~混合序列的弱大数定理

通过利用矿混合序列的矩不等式推导出φ^~混合阵列行和的一个弱大数定理,并由φ^~混合阵列行和弱大数定理得出不同分布矿混合序列的一个弱大数定理。     

住宅设计方案的三角模糊数评价方法研究

根据住宅设计方案中多因素和模糊性等特点,通过三角模糊数建立指标比较和方案打分的判断矩阵,并依据三角模糊数的分布特点计算其平均值的大小,将专家判断矩阵中的三角模糊数转化成精确数,再进行方案的比较.并通过实例说明了该方法的可行性和有效性,为决策者对于设计多方案的评价提供了一种简便、实用的方法.     

矩阵条件数应用于FBG传感器多参数测量研究

建立并确定了基于FBG传感器多参数同时测量系统数学模型,提出用矩阵条件数结合测量公式导出矩阵条件数与温度、压力测量公式间的矩阵的关系式,利用该关系式可以去除病态矩阵参数并可以找出最佳镀层材料及厚度以此来提高FBG传感器的测量精度.实验表明,当镀有不同厚度铜,且r2≤0.4mm时FBG测量温度和压力都具有较高的灵敏度.