不同灌溉模式下太湖流域稻田土对氨氮的吸附特性

为了考察灌溉模式对稻田土吸附氨氮的影响,本文采集太湖流域不同灌溉模式下的稻田土,在室内开展氨氮的等温吸附试验。结果表明:氨氮在两种稻田土上的吸附动力学过程均可分为明显的快、慢两个阶段,且均以准二级吸附动力学方程的拟合结果最佳;控制灌溉模式下稻田土氨氮的理论平衡吸附量、试验平衡吸附量分别为454.5mg/kg和446.2mg/kg,均高于漫水灌溉模式。Freundlich方程对等温吸附数据的拟合结果最好。控制灌溉模式下稻田土的不均匀性、吸附氨氮的反应强度以及对氨氮的吸附容量均升高。     

太湖流域主要湖泊的水域动态变化

利用GIS和遥感技术对不同时期的地形图和遥感影像数据进行处理,获取3个时期(1971,1988,2002年)的太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积。结合多种文献资料,对太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积变化进行了研究,并分析了引起水域面积变化的主要因素。结果表明,1971~2002年期间太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积减少了188.87 km2;湖泊水域面积减少的主要原因是由于人类活动的影响。在实地调查研究的基础上,对合理利用与保护湖泊水资源的对策进行了探讨。     

Degradation of Lake Ziway,Ethiopia: A study of the environmental perceptions of school students

Lake Ziway in Ethiopia is a freshwater lake supporting multitude uses, including irrigation, fishing, water supply and recreation. However, the lake is being degraded primarily because of various land‐ and water‐use activities in its watershed. Recognizing these human impacts on the lake's water quality and quantity, the perceptions of school students were surveyed under the belief that the future of the lake is largely dependent on this younger generation. The goal of this study was to better understand how students actually recognize the extent to which various human activities impact the water quantity and quality of Lake Ziway. As major stakeholders in their communities, the perceptions of school students from four high schools regarding the changes to the lake over time were investigated. Students were contacted by purposive sampling, based on criteria of student academic performances, and their proximity to the lake. Their perceptions were studied on the basis of an interview survey. The majority of students indicated that high levels of human activities, especially water abstractions and water pollution, were the main lake impacts. Students believe there is a lack of sustainable utilization and protection of the lake. They suggested coordinated activities among all lake stakeholders in the participation and decision‐making process to properly manage the lake. Provision of awareness to both local administrations and local communities, concern for establishing an appropriate regulatory body and allocating a sufficient budget, and strict controls on flower farm practices in the lakeshore, also was considered to be of high priority as a means of conserving the sustainability of the lake. The result derived from this survey has important implications for facilitating improved school curricula, and for federal, regional and district level water resource management authorities, in setting priorities and developing policies for the sustainability of Lake Ziway.     

利用南水北调工程供水解决白洋淀缺水的构想

受资源性缺水和水质性缺水影响,白洋淀湿地生态系统逐步退化。近年来,虽凭借应急调水,多次避免了干淀危机,但长期的资源性缺水,使淀区生态功能受到严重影响。南水北调中线工程的建设实施,为解决白洋淀生态缺水问题带来了机遇。通过在南水北调总体规划与水资源调度原则的基础上,对利用南水北调水补充白洋淀进行了研究,提出了江水补淀初步方案。     

Grasses for biofuels: A low water-use alternative for cold desert agriculture?

In arid regions, reductions in the amount of available agricultural water are fueling interest in alternative, low water-use crops. Perennial grasses have potential as low water-use biofuel crops. However, little is known about which perennial grasses can produce high quantity, high quality yields with low irrigation on formerly high-input agricultural fields in arid regions. We monitored biomass production, weed resistance, rooting depth, and root architecture of nine perennial grasses under multiple irrigation treatments in western Nevada. Under a low irrigation treatment (71 ± 9 cm irrigation water annually), cool-season grasses produced more biomass and were more weed-resistant than warm-season grasses. With additional irrigation (120 ± 12 cm water annually), warm- and cool-season grasses had similar biomass production, but cool-season species remained more weed-resistant. Among species within each grass type, we observed high variability in performance. Two cool-season species (Elytrigia elongata and Leymus cinereus) and one warm-season species (Bothriochloa ischaemum) performed better than the other tested species. Root depth was not correlated with biomass production, but species with deeper roots had fewer weeds. Abundance of fine roots (but not large roots) was correlated with increased biomass and fewer weeds. Both L. cinereus and E. elongata had deep root systems dominated by fine roots, while B. ischaemum had many fine roots in shallow soil but few roots in deeper soil. Cool-season grasses (particularly E. elongata, L. cinereus, and other species with abundant fine roots) may be worthy of further attention as potential biofuel crops for cold desert agriculture.     

非线性规划迭代线性化方法在圩垸除涝规划中的应用

本文根据洞庭湖圩垸除涝排水系统非线性规划数学模型的特点,借助离散微分动态规划(DDDP)的思想,利用线性规划(LP)的修正单纯形解法,提出了一种既简单有效,又比较节省计算机时的新的求解非线性规划问题的直接解法——“迭代线性化方法”。实例验证该法是可行的。     

滇池现代沉积物氨氮及磁化率研究

现代沉积物是湖泊营养盐和污染物的重要储藏库,在一定条件下,这些内源污染负荷可能成为水体富营养化的主导因子.研究通过对滇池（外海）现代沉积物中的氨氮、磁化率指标进行测试分析,研究结果表明：滇池现代沉积物中氨氮的高值区主要分布在北部海埂附近,中部略有增高,南部则最低,表层沉积物的氨氮含量低于下层;滇池现代沉积物的磁化率大小由滨岸带向湖心依次递减,在垂向上,磁化率随着深度的增加而增大.研究结果可为滇池污染治理提供了依据.     

洞庭湖区气候及江湖关系历史变迁的探讨

洞庭湖历经沧桑变迁，汉末以前湖盆与水位均较荆江低，东汉后期，天然植被不断遭破坏，使湖水水位渐高于荆江，造成湖高江低，出现江、湖两安之势，宋代湖区周围垦辞活动增强，森林破坏极大，荆江江面束狭，河床逐步增高，元明时期，多次疏浚调弦、虎渡等穴口，造成江水入湖，清代水土流失加剧，藕池、松滋相继决口、从此四口分泄荆江洪水与泥沙，造成湖面萎缩，洞庭湖退居为第二大淡水湖。     

THE RESTORATION OF WOODS MILL LAKE

Woods Mill Lake is the centrepiece of a nature reserve at Henfield in Sussex, UK. During the last forty years, the lake has undergone a succession of changes, and this has resulted in loss of depth and encroachment of the reed-bed. In the summer months the large carp population was suffering stress due to shallow water. The problem of silt excavation required extensive discussion with statutory agencies: in addition, the work had to be scheduled around nesting birds, breeding newts and school visits. This paper (a) discusses the complexity of the work which was undertaken, and (b) provides an analysis of the fish population which was removed from the lake.