青海天然湖盐晶体的结构缺陷与红外透射率研究

对青海湖盐晶体进行了结构缺陷的观察和红外透射率的测量,将所得结果与人工生长的氯化纳晶体进行了比较,发现青海湖盐的位错分布和人工晶体的位错分布不同:前者具有单个位错均匀分布的特征,后者除单个位错外,还呈现由位错密排形成的亚晶界网络。两种晶体的红外透射率几乎完全相同,表明天然湖盐晶体的位错密度和分布状况不太影响其红外透射率。     

River, reservoir and lake sediment contamination by heavy metals downstream from urban areas of Switzerland

This paper quantifies sediment contamination by heavy metals in four reservoirs and one lake located downstream from major urban areas in Switzerland. The waterbodies include the Wettingen Reservoir (located on the Limmat River downstream from Zürich), the Klingnau Reservoir (on the lower Aare River), the Wohlen Reservoir (downstream from Berne), the Verbois Reservoir (downstream from Geneva) and Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, city of Lausanne). For all sediment cores and contaminants, a trend is observed from high contaminant values in the lower part of the cores, decreasing to lower concentrations in the upper part of the cores. However, for each site and each element, specific features are recognized. Applying the criteria of the Swiss ordinance on soil protection, all sediment cores must be classified as contaminated by one or more contaminants and at variable levels. From these data, it is concluded that: reservoirs and lakes located downstream from major urban centres in Switzerland have accumulated significant volumes of contaminated sediments in the past, representing the largest, but not the most intensely, contaminated sites on a national scale; the main environmental risk is remobilization of the contaminants and their return to the food chain, particularly by infiltration into the groundwater; and although the processes of remobilization are identified, the conditions of occurrence and the amplitude of the processes are still poorly known. Different options of reservoir and lake sediment management also are discussed and further research topics defined.     

Management criteria for lake ecosystems applied to case studies of changes in nutrient loading and climate change

The aim of this paper is twofold: to present and discuss practically useful management criteria from different perspectives of lake management (fishery, recreation, conservation, monitoring of water quality and use of water for irrigation and drinking), and to put these criteria into the context of a holistic lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation and abiotic/biotic feedbacks related to nine key functional groups of organisms constituting the lake ecosystem. These are phytoplankton, benthic algae, macrophytes, bacterioplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, predatory zooplankton, zoobenthos, prey fish and predatory fish. The LakeWeb model also includes a mass‐balance model for phosphorus and calculates bio‐uptake and retention of phosphorus in these groups of organisms. It also includes submodels for the depth of the photic zone and lake temperature. The LakeWeb model is driven by few and readily accessible driving variables and it has been extensively tested and shown to capture fundamental lake foodweb interactions very well, which should lend credibility to the scenarios discussed in this paper regarding the conditions in Lake Batorino, Belarus. The LakeWeb model offers a tool to address important, often very complex, scientific problems in a realistic manner. The first scenario describes the changes after 1990 when there was a drastic reduction in the use of fertilizers in agriculture because of political changes and the corresponding changes in lake characteristics and foodweb structures utilizing the given management criteria. The second scenario describes, for comparative purposes, the probable alterations in the lake foodweb related to global climatic changes; in this case, warming and increased temperature variations. This study indicates that there are several similarities between eutrophication and increases in temperatures, which are discussed in this paper along with the mechanistic reasons related to such changes by using a set of general management criteria.     

我国近年来石油地质理论新进展刍议

建国后,我国在石油地质理论上取得了两大成就,一是陆相生油;二是复式油气聚集带。改革开放以来20多年,中国石油地质理论又获得了新的进展,并在勘探实践中见到很好效益。本文提出:近海湖盆、新构造运动与晚期成藏、煤成油煤成气、叠合盆地成藏和含油气盆地分析等理论,是近年来我国油气勘探实践中总结出来的新认识、新理论。希望有关专家加以评述,以期推动这些理论的深化研究和指导勘探工作的进展。     

东濮凹陷地质特征研究

岩心观察及精细的层序地层对比表明,东濮凹陷北部沙三段的盐岩与暗色泥岩、膏泥岩及砂岩具有共生组合关系,盐岩是低水位期的沉积。在高水位期,盆缘沉积了三角洲和扇三角洲,盆内沉积了深灰色泥岩和少量重力流砂体;在低水位期,湖盆面积缩小,许多地区暴露地表,从湖泊中心向周围沉积物依次为盐岩、膏岩、膏泥岩、碳酸盐岩、灰质泥岩和牵引流砂岩体。高水位和低水位的频繁变化导致深水暗色泥岩和低位盐、低位砂的纵向叠加。通过对高频振荡湖盆的古地理环境以及盐岩与砂体分布、盐岩分布与沉积中心的关系的研究,得出与以前"深水成盐"、"高山深盆"、"浊积成砂"等不同的新概念,对确定盆地油气资源潜力和勘探方向有一定借鉴作用。     

某花园人工湖水处理工程技术应用分析

本文介绍了几种目前比较先进的人工湖水处理技术,并结合某花园人工湖水处理工程,分析如何在实际工程中综合运用水处理技术的一些问题。     

东营凹陷沙三段沉积期湖泊古生产力研究

生产力是生物在单位面积、单位时间内所产生的有机质的量。陆相古湖泊古生产力值高的地区一般能形成较好的烃源岩，古生产力值较低且不利于有机质保存的地区则相反。借用古海洋学推导古生产力计算公式的方法，利用云南滇池、洱海和抚仙湖的沉积学和生物学资料，用18个采样点的数据推导了用有机碳法计算湖泊古生产力的公式。用此公式计算东营凹陷沙三段数百口井的古生产力值，绘制了东营凹陷沙三段沉积各时期的古生产力平面分布图，半深湖相或者半深湖与深湖相交界处古生产力值较高，湖盆边缘(三角洲相或滨浅湖相)古生产力值较低。图2表1参11     

对淮河下游治理形势和任务的几点认识

洪泽湖是黄河南下夺淮的产物。新中国成立后通过兴建一系列的控制工程，使其成为真正意义上的一座巨型平原水库，并对淮河下游地区防洪安全和水资源供给产生了巨大影响。深入研究淮河与洪泽湖的关系．对促进淮河下游治理具有现实的意义。     

太湖五里湖生态恢复的理论与实践

在针对太湖五里湖水质严重污染和生态严重退化的情况,从分析浅水湖泊生态恢复的理论入手,提出生态恢复过程中控源减污、生境改善、生态重建、稳态调控的四个关键步骤,评价了西五里湖生态恢复示范工程的效果,计算了示范工程区水生植物覆盖度和生物多样性指数,指出达到景观要求的草型清水稳态湖泊还需要一个漫长的演替过程。     

平原湖区除涝优化调度的随机方法

本文应用大系统分解-聚合原理和随机规划方法,为平湖区水资源系统除涝优化调度建立了一个具有两层递阶结构的SLP-SDP模型。在SDP中,选用入湖径流和总干渠出口外河水位为随机状态变量。模型在四湖地区应用取得满意成果。