LED简灯热管散热器的试验研究及性能评价

为获得基于自然对流的异型热管散热器用于LED筒灯的工作性能,研制了热管散热器试验件,并进行了试验研究。结果表明：热管散热器启动性能良好,启动时间约为33min;散热器具有较好的均温性能,40W时蒸发面最大温差为4．7℃;在试验条件下,热源表面最高温度不超过70℃;加热功率对接触热阻、扩散热阻和热管热阻基本无影响,而翅片换热热阻随加热功率的增加而减小。基于试验所得结果,并通过热阻网络分析,论证了异型热管散热器可满足LED筒灯散热的需求。     

电离层扰动与磁层耦合

本文通过两个事例分析表明，磁暴期间磁层对流和沉降粒子的增强不仅对极光区了层扰动形态有控制作用，而且也会引起继后的中低纬及赤道电脑层同纬区低热层大气受热后，Ｆ层抬升和中性大气成分变化导致的电子密度正、负扰会向低纬扩展；在Ｅ层高度上，扰动发电机对赤道区喷泉效应的抑制使驼峰区扰动更为突出。这些过程均使中低纬电离层ｆ０Ｆ２和ｈｍＦ变化中出现相应特征。地面电离层垂测站在夜间常能观测到多站几乎同时的ｈｍＦ上升     

基于有限体积法Godunov格式的水锤计算模型

针对管道内水锤问题,基于一阶和二阶Godunov格式的有限体积法建立数学模型并进行模拟分析。采用Riemann求解器对离散通量进行求解,同时在计算中引入对流项;采用MUSCL-Hancock方法进行重构得到二阶精度的Godunov格式,为了避免虚假振荡引入MINMOD斜率限制器;提出了虚拟边界的处理方法,实现了计算区域的所有节点和边界的统一计算。计算分析表明,虚拟边界法既保证了计算结果的精确性,又避免了边界处理的复杂性;一阶Godunov格式与传统的特征线法计算结果一致;当库朗特数小于1时,一阶Godunov格式和特征线法的瞬变压力可能出现严重的数值耗散,但二阶Godunov格式可有效抑制数值衰减从而得到更为准确稳定的计算结果;在马赫数很小的情况下,对流项对模拟结果的影响可忽略。     

二阶全展开ETG有限元方法在方腔自然对流模拟中的应用

应用二阶全展开ETG有限元方法离散求解N-S方程和能量方程,并以零初值方腔自然对流问题为例进行了数值模拟。计算了不同瑞利数条件下方腔自然对流的流场和温度场,最终达到的稳态结果与标准数值解符合很好,并且较好地反映了流场和温度场的时间演化过程,特剐是捕捉到了分叉前后流场中涡结构的变化。结果表明二阶全展开ETG有限元方法有较好的稳定性和较高的精度,在计算温度场和流场的时间演化过程方面有一定优点。     

基于CFD的LED阵列自然对流散热研究

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,分别采用带浮力修正的k-ε模型和P-1模型计算对流换热和热辐射,构建了包括LED固体部件和外部流体空间的全场三维数学模型。应用该模型对LED自然对流散热过程进行模拟,并通过物理试验验证了模型的有效性。计算表明,温度场与对流换热系数分布均具有各向异性特征,前者取决于芯片的功率密度和布设位置,而后者源于外部流体的流动状态。并且,辐射在整个散热过程中起着重要的作用,它不仅能减小热阻、降低结温,而且能弱化温度场的不均性、提高整体散热效率,在本文的计算条件下,辐射散热量占总散热功率的23.3%。     

An unsteady flow structure on a heated rotating disk under mixed convection

A flow field under mixed convection on a heated rotating disk has been measured using an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). The measured velocity field is a spatio‐temporal one as a function of radial coordinates and time. The objective of this paper is to clarify the vortex structure caused by the instability between buoyancy and centrifugal force. The vortex appears under typical conditions of Reynolds numbers and Grashof numbers and it moves toward the outside of the disk. This behavior can be classified into two patterns. The size of the vortex structure decreases with an increasing Reynolds number and increases with the Grashof number. The traveling velocity of the vortex increases with the Grashof number. Moreover, it decreases with an increasing Reynolds number in spite of increasing centrifugal force. According to these results, the region dominated by natural, forced, and mixed convection is classified in the relationship between Reynolds and Grashof numbers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(6): 407–418, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20074     

Azimuthal wave number control of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in a liquid bridge

Thermocapillary convection in a half‐zone liquid bridge of high Prandtl number fluid is widely known to exhibit a three‐dimensional oscillatory flow after the onset of oscillation. The oscillatory flow presents ‘standing’ and ‘traveling’ flows depending upon the temperature difference between the top and bottom rods. In the oscillatory state, the flow shows a modal structure with an azimuthal wave number that depends on the aspect ratio of the liquid bridge and the intensity of the thermocapillarity expressed by the Marangoni number. The present study attempted to control the azimuthal wave number by heating the free surface locally with a prescribed frequency and intensity. The flow in the liquid bridge exhibited different modal structures depending on the heating conditions and a relationship between the frequency and the modal structure was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(7): 460–469, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20086     

Distribution of heat sources in vertical open channels with natural convection

In this paper we use the constructal method to determine the optimal distribution and sizes of discrete heat sources in a vertical open channel cooled by natural convection. Two classes of geometries are considered: (i) heat sources with fixed size and fixed heat flux, and (ii) single heat source with variable size and fixed total heat current. In both classes, the objective is the maximization of the global thermal conductance between the discretely heated wall and the cold fluid. This objective is equivalent to minimizing temperature of the hot spot that occurs at a point on the wall. The numerical results show that for low Rayleigh numbers (∼10²), the heat sources select as optimal location the inlet plane of the channel. For configuration (i), the optimal location changes as the Rayleigh number increases, and the last (downstream) heat source tends to migrate toward the exit plane, which results in a non-uniform distribution of heat sources on the wall. For configuration (ii) we also show that at low and moderate Rayleigh numbers (Ra_M ∼ 10² and 10³) the thermal performance is maximized when the heat source does not cover the entire wall. As the flow intensity increases, the optimal heat source size approaches the height of the wall. The importance to free the flow geometry to morph toward the configuration of minimal global resistance (maximal flow access) is also discussed.     

On the existence of parallel flow for mixed convection in an inclined duct

The necessary condition for the occurrence of parallel mixed convection flow in an inclined duct is determined by employing the Boussinesq approximation. A sample case involving an inclined infinitely-wide plane channel is discussed to illustrate this condition. It is shown that, according to the necessary condition, parallel flow cannot occur in this case. Indeed, the investigated flow is the superposition of a parallel streamwise flow and a secondary flow. An exponential equation of state for the fluid is assumed and the balance equations are solved analytically to determine the dimensionless velocity distribution, as well as the conditions for the occurrence of flow reversal.     

Correlating equations for free convection heat transfer from horizontal isothermal cylinders set in a vertical array

Steady laminar free convection from flat vertical arrays of equally-spaced, horizontal isothermal cylinders set in free air, is studied numerically. A specifically developed computer-code based on the SIMPLE-C algorithm is used for the solution of the mass, momentum and energy transfer governing equations. Simulations are performed for arrays of 2-6 circular cylinders, for center-to-center separation distances from 2 up to more than 50 cylinder-diameters, and for values of the Rayleigh number based on the cylinder-diameter in the range between 5 × 10² and 5 × 10⁵. It is found that the heat transfer rate at the bottom cylinder remains the same as a single cylinder. In contrast, the downstream cylinders may exhibit either enhanced or reduced Nusselt numbers depending on their location in the array and on the geometry of the array. Heat transfer dimensionless correlating equations are proposed both for any individual cylinder in the array and for the whole tube-array. New correlation-equations for the calculation of the heat transfer rate from a single cylinder to the surrounding air are also proposed and compared to those available in the open literature.