洱海入湖河道综合整治规划研究

现阶段洱海流域综合治理任务艰巨,未能形成有效、完善的入湖河道综合治理体系,流域管理不能适应入湖河道治理及洱海保护的客观要求,入湖污染负荷尚未得到有效控制,流域水生态安全保障体系尚未建立。为此,开展了洱海入湖河道综合整治规划研究,从建立流域管理机制、构建完整防洪体系、打造清水通道、增加入湖清水量以及削减入湖污染物总量等方面,提出了建设洱海流域管理体制、流域截污治污体系、入湖河道生态治理、流域生态建设以及灌区高效节水减排等五大类工程,规划治理河道长度201.32 km,同时还规划新建286.04 km堤防或护岸工程,对35.92 km的河道进行清淤,对15.66 km河道的已建堤防进行修复。     

长江河口段节点控导作用及河势格局研究

长江河口段所在的长江三角洲地区,经济发展对河道整治提出了较高要求。对长江河口段的节点进行了梳理,从节点稳定性、节点对河道控导长度、节点间河道最大摆动幅度等方面,分析了节点对河势的控导作用,认识到节点河段是控制上下游分汊河段河床变化及相互影响的基础条件。河势总体控导的基础在于加强节点河段的稳定性和控制作用,应采取相应的工程措施稳定洲滩,进而稳定深槽,对局部岸线和洲滩崩退的重点部位进行守护。     

近年汉江皇庄河段水位变化特征及其成因分析

2017年汉江秋汛期间,在同流量下,皇庄站水位有所抬高,对河段的防洪形势影响较大。为此,分析了皇庄河段2000~2017年实测数据,包括皇庄河段水位变化、水面落差变化、冲淤变化以及附近工程影响。根据水位分析结果发现:2016~2017年与2000~2015年相比,汉江皇庄河段高水位抬高约1. 47 m,中水位抬高约0. 13 m;一般枯水位时,2016~2017年与2010~2015年水位基本一致,与2000~2009年比较,水位降低0. 28~0. 41 m。根据水面落差分析发现:转斗湾-皇庄段水面落差呈降低趋势;皇庄-大同河段水面2016~2017年5 000 m3/s流量以上落差增加较大,其他时段和流量情况下整体呈降低趋势;大同-沙洋河段在2014~2015年5 0003/s流量以下时落差降低较大。碾盘山-马良河段固断冲淤计算分析表明:河段整体呈冲刷趋势,局部河段有所淤积。桥梁工程附近实测水位数据分析表明:桥位附近落差较大。综上分析表明:枯水位降低,主要是由于河道整体冲刷,过流能力增强导致;中、高水位抬高主要是由于桥梁工程施工影响和局部河段淤积所致。     

三峡库区枝状河网水动力过程实时模拟

基于圣维南控制方程组,针对三峡库区朱沱—坝址河段,采用θ半隐方法离散动量方程的水位梯度项,运用欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解动量方程的对流项,利用有限体积法离散连续性方程,结合预测校正法将枝状河网稀疏线性系统分解为若干三对角子系统,建立了一种可实现河网系统速度-压力耦合问题简单、快速及高精度求解的一维枝状河网水流数学模型。选用2005年、2006年实测水位资料对该模型进行率定与验证,水位计算误差一般＜10 cm,流量计算误差一般＜5%,数学模型计算结果与实测资料符合较好,表明模型精度较高。在单核串行效率测试中,模型模拟1 a水流过程耗时约23.7 s,实现了三峡库区枝状河网水动力过程的实时模拟。     

适用于中小河流受损岸坡修复的楔形丁坝群水力特性初探

河道内流动控制结构物作为一种主动防护型的护岸型式,以其特有的生态效益,伴随着河流治理理念由渠化向河流再自然化的回归,日益成为新的研究热点。在归纳总结国内外常见河道内流动控制结构物分类和作用特性的基础上,选取逆水流方向布置的楔形丁坝为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟方法对布置楔形丁坝群前后193°强弯曲水槽内的三维水力特性进行对比分析,初步分析弯曲水槽内楔形丁坝群的作用机制和挑流效果。研究结果表明:楔形丁坝群主要通过调整弯道内的二次流结构,达到将高流速水流挑离凹岸、避免岸坡遭受冲蚀的目的;楔形丁坝群布置会造成弯道内水位雍高,高流速水流向凸岸一侧偏移,其雍水高度和偏移程度与楔形丁坝群的布置方式密切相关。研究成果对于河流生态修复领域生态水工结构物相关研究的开展与深化具有借鉴意义。     

1990—2011年若尔盖高原土地覆盖变化

以1990—2011年的Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI的面向对象法和Google Earth提取地物信息及自然水系与人工沟渠的分布格局,结合1967—2012年降水量和气温数据,分析气候变化对土地覆盖的趋势性影响。结果表明:2011年建设用地和荒漠的面积分别是1990年的5.84倍和1.35倍,林地面积主要受人口增长和伐木等人类活动影响以0.66 km²/a的速率不断减少,水面面积受水文周期和降水量影响呈现波动性变化,草地面积增加,植被覆盖度先减后增,泥炭沼泽湿地面积由于气候变暖、人工开渠和自然水系溯源下切的叠加作用影响以78.62 km²/a的速率快速萎缩;若尔盖高原人工沟渠控制的泥炭沼泽有完全由人工沟渠排水和自然水系与人工沟渠共同排水两种输水模式;持续的人工沟渠排水活动显著影响着泥炭沼泽的蓄水量,制约着泥炭沼泽的维持并加速泥炭沼泽脱水萎缩。     

河流冲刷作用下石笼网生态护坡技术研究

与传统护坡相比,生态护坡强调在满足岸坡稳定性的同时达到修复生态、保护环境的目的。概括了河流岸坡生态护坡的内涵和特点,总结了常用于河流岸坡的生态护坡技术,重点介绍了石笼网生态护坡作为一种柔性护坡方式在国内外研究进展及其在工程中的应用。通过对已有理论和试验的分析,阐明了影响石笼网结构护坡性能的主要设计参数。在此基础上,结合工程中出现的问题,提出需要进一步研究的内容:石笼网结构抗冲刷特性研究、石笼网填石料级配、厚度与抗冲流速关系的研究及石笼网与植被的结合试验研究。通过对石笼网结构的深入研究,以获取更多的理论支撑, 进一步优化石笼网结构的设计,更好地指导工程实践。     

Combining remote sensing with physical flow laws to estimate river channel geometry

A reliable representation of river terrains is essential to river research. Field surveys of river channel geometry are time‐consuming, costly, and logistically constrained and thus would encounter difficulties to achieve sufficient spatial coverage, resolution, and frequency of resurvey. This paper aims to demonstrate an efficient approach to building a river terrain model (RTM), the emphasis being on how to combine bathymetry and topography derived from satellite images captured at different flow stages. A method for calculating the difference between high and low stages (DHLS) based on the uniform‐flow theory is proposed. Calculations are carried out for a 13‐km long meandering section of the gravel‐bed Goulais River in Canada, which features pools and riffles, alternating point bars, and midchannel bars. A RTM for this complex section has been successfully produced. It consists of three data components: bathymetry at low stage, topography at high stage, and DHLS. The results capture realistic characteristics, including thalweg shift, steep outer banks, and gradual inner banks. They also show realistic longitudinal and lateral locations of pools and riffles. To illustrate potential applications of RTM, this paper has computed extreme bed shear stresses at bankfull discharge through hydrodynamics simulations of depth‐averaged flow in the river section and further estimated bed‐sediment grain‐size distributions. The estimates compare well with field measurements. The DHLS can vary significantly along a river channel. The proposed method for determining it is not site‐specific, and hence applicable to other rivers. The novelty of the methodology discussed lies in combining remote sensing techniques with physical flow laws.     

The value of a desk study for building a national river obstacle inventory

This study evaluates two desk‐based approaches for building an inventory of man‐made river obstacles. The creation of a river obstacle inventory is a vital first step in developing a prioritization process for obstacle removal and/or modification. In this study, a desktop geographical information system analysis of two rivers and their tributary network was undertaken, using two different approaches. The first involved analysing historical maps, satellite imagery, and Ordnance Survey Ireland Discovery Series maps and producing a geo‐referenced layer of all the potential river obstacles. The second involved developing a geo‐referenced layer of potential river obstacles based on the intersections between elements of the transport network (roads and railways) and river systems. To determine the effectiveness of the desk studies, the located obstacles were cross‐referenced with actual obstacles verified through a field survey. The desk studies identified several thousand potential obstacles. The study utilizing a range of maps consistently located a greater number of actual obstacles than the desk study based on intersections between the transport and river networks. The results indicate that desk‐based research offers an efficient and effective method for locating river obstacles and can guide subsequent field surveys aimed at confirming the presence of obstacles. This is particularly useful for eliminating from study large stretches of rivers that would otherwise need to be walked to confirm the presence, or otherwise, of potential river obstacles. In this regard, desk‐based exercises can offer opportunities to save on both time and cost in larger river assessments.     

Response of a barrier estuary to climate change and river regulation using attractor analysis: Snowy River estuary,Australia

The evolution of the entrance channel of the Snowy River estuary in response to river regulation and climate change is predicted. The predictions are made in terms of the physical attractors that define possible long‐term states of the estuary entrance condition. The classification of these attractors shows the dependence of the entrance stability on the catchment inflows and the present entrance depth. The Snowy River estuary in south‐eastern Australia is a barrier estuary with an unstable entrance that tends to closure. The classification from the attractor map shows that the estuary entrance has changed from predominantly stable to a predominantly unstable state attributable to diversion of water from the upper catchment. The introduction of a series of environmental flow regimes, commencing in 2002, has returned 8% rising to 21% of the mean annual natural flow, but this study shows that the releases provide limited improvement in entrance stability. Additionally, the predicted effects of climate change for this region include increased mean sea level (MSL), decreased annual rainfall, and increased incidence of storms. These changes will decrease stability, primarily through the rise in MSL. The rise in sea level will increase the plan area of the tidal basin, increasing the tidal prism, and hence drawing in more marine sand. The application to the Snowy River estuary provides a proof of concept of the attractor classification to support estuary management.