滇池污染的治理和生态保护

本文总结了滇池污染治理的经验教训，提出了湖泊生态保护的思路。即用系统科学方法，围绕水污染控制、水资源开发利用和生态恢复三大问题，进行环境工程治理和生态环境治理。对点源污染，实行“清污分流、集中治理、防治结合、达标排放”，对污染水环境企业关停并转，限制使用含磷洗涤剂。对面源污染，重在生态治理，制止围湖造田，保护湖滨带；植树造林，防止水土流失；发展生态农业，减少化肥农药污染；加强垃圾管理和无害化处置；治理蓝藻、恢复生态。对内源污染主要是疏挖污染底泥，取缔网箱养渔。积极实施跨流域调水、补充湖泊生态用水。还要加强依法治水和环境教育管理。只有标本兼治、综合治理，湖泊生态才能根本改观。     

太湖梅梁湾水源地通过生态修复净化水质的试验

通过在太湖实施的试验研究,发现富营养化水体营养盐浓度的增加会导致附着在水生植物上的附着生物增加,对水生植物(主要是沉水植物)的光合作用造成胁迫,从而说明草型湖泊生态系统的恢复,首先必须降低营养盐浓度,因此,通过恢复水生植物来净化水质是不现实的。与营养盐浓度相比,风浪、光照、鱼的牧食等都不是根本的影响因素。根据调查,示范区夏季盛行偏南风,吹程长,风浪较大,导致沉积物悬浮,影响水环境质量,而蓝藻水华易于在此堆积,这些都是影响该水域水质的主要因素。为此,在生态净化方面,以恢复漂浮植物和浮叶植物为主来净化水质,在工程净化措施方面,提出了消浪和控藻等工程措施,以及布设人工介质(渔网)富集附着生物来净化水质等措施。经过3年的实施,示范区的水质改善已经取得初步成效。     

Contrasting zooplankton communities of two bays of the large,shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu,China: Their relationship to environmental factors

Zooplankton are an important link in aquatic food webs of lakes serving as consumers of algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms and as prey for fish and invertebrates. Despite their importance, little is known about the structure of the zooplankton communities of subtropic, large, shallow, eutrophic freshwater lakes. Our investigation of zooplankton communities in Lake Taihu, a subtropic, shallow, eutrophic lake and the third largest lake in China provides new information on this subject. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and water chemistry samples were collected monthly from July 2006 to June 2007 in Meiliang and Gonghu Bays of Lake Taihu. Thirty zooplankton species were identified in Meiliang Bay with small-bodied cladocerans Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta contributing 21% and 11%, respectively to total zooplankton abundance which averaged 459 ind/L. Thirty-five species were identified in Gonghu Bay with the rotifers Polyarthra trigla and Brachionus calyciflorus the dominant species, contributing 21% and 11% respectively to total zooplankton abundance which averaged 467 ind/L. Predation by lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes taihuensis) and ice fish (Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis) likely accounted for the dominance of both bays by small-bodied species. Community structure and community patterns were correlated with differences in Microcystis blooms and organic matter levels (chemical oxygen demand) in the two bays. Based on canonical correspondence analyses dissolved total nitrogen, orthophosphate, Cyclotella and Pinnularia also contributed to variability in zooplankton community composition.     

邵伯湖水生态状况及改善建议

过水型湖泊在承担防洪、保障人民生命财产安全的基本任务前提下,在用水、航运、旅游及维系区域生态平衡方面也发挥着巨大作用,通过对常规水质指标以及微生物指标的研究,探索过水型湖泊富营养化的微生物评价方法,针对湖泊水生态更替规律开展基础性研究,提升湖泊水生态管理水平。     

引江调水对阳澄淀泖区水环境改善效果分析

引江调水是有效改善区域水环境的措施之一。根据苏州市沿江口门水利工程2017年5月9～18日的调水实测数据,分析了阳澄淀泖区引水前后主要污染物浓度的变化及引水量与水质综合污染指数的关系,发现引江调水能加快区域内河网水体流动,并使得通江河道及阳澄湖以西区域水环境得到明显改善,特别是氨氮指标能提高1～2个水质类别,综合污染指数亦有所降低。根据分析结果,明确了调水对阳澄淀泖区不同区域的水质改善程度,这将有利于调水方案的优化和区域的水环境管理。     

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton species in Lake Victoria and the influence of iron and zinc ions on the dominant species identified during 2006–2007 studies

The current study was conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) during January, April and September to investigate seasonal variations in biological parameters and planktonic biodiversity observed at four sampling sites (MRM, M500, SRM and S500) in Lake Victoria. Blue‐green algae (Cyanophyta) dominated the lakeshore waters of Lake Victoria, comprising 54.1% of the total algal content, compared to 24.4% for diatoms and 14.7% for green algae (Chlorophyta). Euglenophytes and dinoflagellates both constitute <10% of the algal biomass. The algal distribution at the Sango Bay sampling sites, however, is different in that it is dominated by diatoms, in contrast to Murchison Bay, which was dominated by blue‐green algae. This study also investigated the influence of iron (Fe²⁺and Fe³⁺) and zinc (Zn²⁺) ions on four strains of microcystis (CYN 464, CYN 465, CYN 478 and CYN 522) isolated from Murchison Bay in Lake Victoria. The suggestion that iron species and zinc ions might limit phytoplankton growth in Lake Victoria was tested by enriching algal culture media with different metal concentrations. Based on measurements of the algal biomass of four species of Lake Victoria, the algal biomass of the four microcystis strains generally decreased with increased zinc and Fe²⁺ concentrations. The algal biomass of the four strains, however, increased with increased Fe³⁺ concentrations. This response to different metal concentrations provides evidence that high Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ion concentrations limit phytoplankton growth and species distribution. The availability of Fe³⁺ ions is an important selective force on Lake Victoria phytoplankton communities.     

洪泽湖管理处水利综合管控系统建设方案研究

通过对洪泽湖管理处所辖水利工程当前自动控制系统建设运行现状的调研及集中控制需求等方面的分析,提出水利工程综合管控系统的建设方案,从设计思路、网络结构、总体架构等方面进行详细阐述,在此基础上分析综合管控系统与传统集中控制系统的不同,综合管控系统的优势,对水利工程管理单位集中控制系统的方案设计具有一定的参考作用。     

基于数值模拟的南四湖风能资源初步评估

基于气象站与测风塔的区域风能资源评估具有较大局限性,前者无法获得风机轮毂高度处的风速资料,评估精度较低,后者难以获得较长时间观测资料,对平均风速的年际变化反映不足,且评估成本较高。选取南四湖周边地区为研究对象,基于WRF构建该地区数值天气预报模式,在NCEP FNL资料的驱动下实现南四湖地区2000-2016年的小时风场模拟。提取80m高度处风场模拟信息,通过年平均风速、年平均风功率密度、年可利用小时数、年内风速分布、主风向等指标,对该地区风能资源进行了初步评估,认为该地区风能资源具备一定开发利用价值,且靠近南水北调东线泵站群等能源消耗中心,有利于风电的就地消纳,为该地区风能资源详查和开发利用提供了一定的参考。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对水质环境影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的建设,将改变湖内水动力特性,进而影响鄱阳湖的水环境质量。采用水深平均的二维水动力-水质模型对鄱阳湖现状水动力和水质进行模拟验证,水陆边界模拟采用动边界技术,摸拟"高水湖相,低水河相"的湖泊水域变化特征,水质特性为枯水期水质较差,丰水期水质较好,靠近入湖河口的湖区劣于湖心水质,北部出湖水质较好的现状。模型模拟预测在现状外部入流边界和现状污染负荷条件下,3种不同运行方式下,鄱阳湖湖流的时空形态相应发生的变化和相应水质变化。计算结果表明,枯水期大部分区域的水质浓度下降,但尾闾等部分区域有所升高,开闸泄水期前后,水质较现状水质下降,敞泄期的大部分时间,较现状水质基本相似,蓄水期水质变化不大。水动力特性综合水质浓度的改变,增加了局部水体的富营养化风险。研究结果可为枢纽的建设提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖防洪蓄洪策略浅议

从技术经济的角度出发，分析了鄱阳湖不同类型圩堤对蓄洪能力的影响，考察了１９９８年蓄洪情况，鄱是湖区防御大洪水要“泄蓄并重”，在提高河道泄洪能力的前提下，分洪区及中小圩堤低水种养、高水蓄洪是存蓄多余洪水的经济、有效措施。