Effects of extreme floods on macroinvertebrate assemblages in tributaries to the Mohawk River,New York,USA

Climate change is forecast to bring more frequent and intense precipitation to New York which has motivated research into the effects of floods on stream ecosystems. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 13 sites in the Mohawk River basin during August 2011, and again in October 2011, following historic floods caused by remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. The annual exceedance probabilities of floods at regional flow‐monitoring sites ranged from 0.5 to 0.001. Data from the first 2 surveys, and from additional surveys done during July and October 2014, were assessed to characterize the severity of flood impacts, effect of seasonality, and recovery. Indices of total taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness; Hilsenhoff's biotic index; per cent model affinity; and nutrient biotic index‐phosphorus were combined to calculate New York State Biological Assessment Profile scores. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine if the Biological Assessment Profile, its component metrics, relative abundance, and diversity differed significantly (p ≤ .05) among the four surveys. Only total taxa richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity increased significantly, and abundance decreased significantly, following the floods. No metrics differed significantly between the July and August 2014 surveys which indicates that the differences denoted between the August and October 2011 surveys were caused by the floods. Changes in taxa richness, EPT richness, and diversity were significantly correlated with flood annual exceedance probabilities. This study increased our understanding of the resistance and resilience of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by showing that their assemblages were relatively impervious to extreme floods across the region.     

Robust spatial flood vulnerability assessment for Han River using fuzzy TOPSIS with α-cut level set

This study aims to improve the general flood vulnerability approach using fuzzy TOPSIS based on α-cut level sets which can reduce the uncertainty inherent in even fuzzy multi-criteria decision making process. Since fuzzy TOPSIS leads to a crisp closeness for each alternative, it is frequently argued that fuzzy weights and fuzzy ratings should be in fuzzy relative closeness. Therefore, this study used a modified α-cut level set based fuzzy TOPSIS to develop a spatial flood vulnerability approach for Han River in Korea, considering various uncertainties in weights derivation and crisp data aggregation. Two results from fuzzy TOPSIS and modified fuzzy TOPSIS were compared. Some regions which showed no or small ranking changes have their centro-symmetric distributions, while other regions whose rankings varied dynamically, have biased (anti-symmetric) distributions. It can be concluded that α-cut level set based fuzzy TOPSIS produce more robust prioritization since more uncertainties can be considered. This method can be applied to robust spatial vulnerability or decision making in water resources management.     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北地区三叠系延长组长8油组储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北地区延长组长8油层段是盆地重要的储集层之一。通过储层岩石学、储层物性、孔隙结构等方面对储层特征进行深入研究,研究结果表明,储层岩石类型主要为中细粒长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中—高;发育粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙、晶间孔等孔隙类型,喉道以中细喉—细喉为主。岩石物性总体较差,属低孔、低渗砂岩储层。研究结果对油田开发具有重要的指导意义。     

淮河流域水资源短缺风险评估与时空分析

根据2003-2013年淮河流域五省的降水量、径流系数、人均水资源量、人均GDP、人口密度等相关数据,构建水资源短缺风险评价体系,用熵权法对指标赋值,运用可变模糊模型对淮河流域及各省的水资源短缺风险进行评估和时空差异分析。结果表明:2003-2013年间淮河流域水资源短缺风险值总体较高,且呈缓慢的增长趋势,2004年降水较少,风险值达到最高;十年间河南省风险增加最为明显,而山东省较为稳定,风险增加也最低;在淮河流域五个区域中,河南省的风险程度最高,达到3.52;江苏省、山东省次之;安徽省和湖北省相对较低,达到2.86和2.51。水资源短缺风险二级指标分析发现,危险性最强的是河南省,安徽省最小;水资源短缺易损性最强的是山东省,湖北省最小;水资源短缺暴露性最强的是江苏省,山东省最小;水资源短缺可恢复性最好的是湖北省,河南省最差。同时,所有评价指标中人口密度、人均GDP、降水量对水资源短缺风险的影响较大。     

金沙江下段植被NDVI变化趋势及其归因

基于MODIS NDVI数据及标准气象站数据、退耕还林资料,辅以空间统计、叠置分析和趋势分析等方法,研究了金沙江下段植被NDVI时空变化特征及其影响因素,结果表明:从年内来看,金沙江下段植被NDVI变化呈单峰型,3月份为最低值0.55,而9月份为最高值0.75,年际上10年以来植被覆盖总体呈现出增长趋势,且这种增长存在显著的空间异质性;研究区植被覆盖较好,植被NDVI平均值为0.65,海拔3 850m以下植被覆盖随海拔上升而增加,超过3 850m后随海拔升高呈降低趋势;年内植被NDVI受降水量的影响较气温更为明显,对两者均有2个月的滞后期,而年际上植被NDVI则受气温变化的影响较降水量更为突出,且大规模的植被恢复工程对金沙江下段植被覆盖的增加有重要贡献。     

基于非负矩阵分解的水量分配方案后评价

提出了水量分配方案后评价指标体系,建立了基于非负矩阵分解的水量分配方案后评价模型,并以1983年国务院批复的引滦水量分配方案为研究对象进行了水量分配方案诊断式后评价。该方法利用非负矩阵分解算法将指标矩阵最大程度分解为基向量和权向量,根据权向量元素的数值对水量分配方案进行评级,根据基向量元素的数值判断评价指标的实施状况。通过对引滦水量分配方案质量、实施过程、实施效果和可持续性的调查分析,得出方案综合后评价结果为优,但在来用水可持续性、对水环境影响及水质目标保证率等方面需加以改进。评价结果表明,基于非负矩阵分解原理的后评价方法评价效果较好,可为水量分配方案等项目的后评价提供科学依据。     

The Importance of Shallow‐Low Velocity Habitats to Juvenile Fish in the Middle Mississippi River

Habitat management is a crucial aspect of fisheries management. Without knowledge of habitat associations, fisheries scientists are unable to effectively make habitat conservation or restoration recommendations. This becomes especially prominent when trying to manage commercially harvested populations and protect threatened or endangered species. To determine juvenile fishes habitat associations in the Middle Mississippi River, we analysed mini‐trawl catch data of six common juvenile fish species: blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), channel shiner (Notropis wickliffi), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). Overall, we conducted 2251 mini‐trawl sampling efforts between 2002 and 2013, resulting in the capture of 23,742 target specimens. Catch per unit effort was evaluated by structural habitat (i.e. velocity, depth, and substrate). Overall, these data suggest that juvenile fish species are more prevalent in shallow water and slower velocities. Ultimately the information garnered during this evaluation should be incorporated when considering habitat modifications, especially those modifications that impact the availability of shallow‐low velocity habitats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Benchmarking Fluvial Dynamics for Process‐Based River Restoration: the Upper Rhine River (1816–2014)

Multi‐temporal analysis of river‐floodplain processes is a key tool for the identification of reference conditions or benchmarks and for the evaluation of deviations or deficits as a basis for process‐based river restoration in large modified rivers. This study developed a methodology for benchmarking fluvial processes at river segment level, focusing on those interrelations between morphodynamics (aggradation, erosion, channel shift) and vegetation succession (initial, colonization, transition) that condition habitat structure. Habitat maps of the free‐flowing Upper Rhine River downstream from Iffezheim dam (France–Germany border) were intersected with a geographic information system‐based approach. Patches showing trajectories of anthropization, changeless, progression and regression allowed for the identification of natural and human‐induced processes over almost 200 years. Before channelization, the riverine system was characterized by a shifting habitat mosaic with natural heterogeneity, high degree of surface water connectivity and equilibrium between progression and regression processes. On the other hand, the following 175 years of human interventions led to severe biogeomorphologic deficits evidenced by loss of natural processes and habitat heterogeneity, hydrological disconnection between the river and its floodplain and imbalance of progression versus regression dynamics. The main driving forces of change are found in hydromorphological impacts (channelization, regulation and hydropower plant construction). Regression processes are now almost absent and have to be the objective of process‐based river restoration measures for the studied river‐floodplain system. A sustainable view on water management and river restoration should aim at a more resilient riverine system by balancing the recovery of natural processes with societal needs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物流化床预处理黄浦江原水中试研究

对采用悬浮填料的生物流化床原水预处理技术进行了探讨。分析了自然挂膜条件下的工艺启动过程。在8个工况条件下，流化床对污染物的去除效果。中试运行表明；在温度适谊，停留时间为60min，填料填充率为50%条件下，氨氮平均去除效率达到77.6%。氨氮的比表面去除负荷与温度线性相关。相关系数为0.911;CODMn平均去除率为6.5%。中试装置在温度10.6℃条件下，重启动需要4d，即对污染物有较好的去除效果；由于填料的完全流化，池体内溶解氧传质效率高，出水接近饱和溶解氧；进出水浊度变化不大。填料和池体本身不会积泥，不需反冲洗。     

黄河水水质配方实验及其应用

该文通过水质调查和大量实验数据，对循环水改为黄河水质运行的配方进行了筛选，并提出了自然ｐＨ全有机配方的概念，通过监测数据，对黄河水配方运行情况进行了总结，该配方投用后，不但能节约地下水资源，而且经济效益显著。