A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia

The global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth. The fuel consumption was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to 11,163 Mtoe in 2009. This projected consumption will increase 1.5% per year until 2030 and reach 16,900 Mtoe and the main drivers of this growth are mostly developing countries in Asia. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and energy supply is an important factor for all-around development. The country's energy consumption still depends on non-renewable energy such as crude oil, coal and natural gas as sources of energy. Utilization of fossil fuel continuously contributes to huge amount of greenhouse gases emission that leads to climate change. Facing such an unfavorable situation, the government of Indonesia prioritizes on energy supply securities by diversification of energy resources. The energy mixes in Indonesia based on five main resources; these are crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydropower, and renewable energy. Although the country encourages utilizing renewable energy, the contribution is only around 3%. Considering natural condition and geography, this country is blessed with great potential of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, micro hydro and biomass energy. Noting the potential of renewable and sustainable energy resources in the country, the government must pay more attention on how to utilize it. Many efforts have been done to promote renewable energy such as to create energy policy and regulations, yet it still did not give any satisfactory result. Government, non-government agencies and the public should take a more proactive step to promote and use renewable energy in order to achieve the secure and environmentally sustainable energy resources.     

青藏±400 kV格尔木换流站建筑节能及防风沙研究

格尔木换流站是青藏±400 kV直流输电工程送端换流站。格尔木地区海拔高、风沙大、强日照、昼夜温差大的特点给建筑构造设计带来诸多难题。对换流站建筑物环境适应性进行了研究,特别是针对建筑的外墙、门窗、钢结构屋盖的保温、防风设计进行了进一步的探讨,为青藏±400 kV直流输电工程的实施提供了技术支持,也为后续恶劣环境换流站工程建筑设计提供了可借鉴的经验。     

高流态混凝土胶结堆石筑坝技术在电站建设中的应用

静海水电站采用混凝土砌石重力坝作为水电站拦河坝,从方便施工和宜于质量控制两方面出发,拟用高流态混凝土胶结堆石筑坝技术,通过现场试验,论证了混凝土胶结堆石坝技术措施效果明显,该技术能够满足大坝设计要求,并且具有施工效率高、经济效益好、质量稳定等优点。     

The deviation-flow refueling location model for optimizing a network of refueling stations

This research develops and applies a mixed-integer linear programming model that optimizes the locations of fueling stations considering not only the limited driving range of vehicles but also the necessary deviations that drivers are likely to make from their shortest paths in order to refuel their vehicles when the refueling station network is sparse. The Deviation-Flow Refueling Location Model (DFRLM) locates facilities to maximize the total flows refueled on deviation paths. The flow demand captured by the stations is assumed to decrease as the deviation that drivers must make increases. Test results indicate that the maximum allowable deviation and the specific deviation penalty functional form do have a measurable effect on the optimal locations of facilities and objective function values as well.     

天生桥水电站调速器油泵控制回路改造分析

对天生桥水电站3台调速器油压控制回路存在的问题进行分析研究后,通过增加调速器油泵电机保护、扩展调速器油罐压力表电接点数目、修改完善调速器油泵顺控程序等措施,改造后解决了油泵电机经常烧毁、调速器备用油泵不能正常启动等缺陷,保障了调速器供油回路的可靠性。     

金沙江下游梯级与三峡区间流量演算模型研究

针对马斯京根法区间河道流量演算的缺陷,以未来金沙江下游溪洛渡、向家坝水库与三峡水库的梯级优化运行为例,分别构建了马斯京根流量演算模型与人工神经网络流量演算模型,并对演算参数做了最优估计。检验结果表明,该方法行之有效,具有适用性。     

关于国内加油站发展的思考

近年来,随着我国国民收入水平的显著提高,电动车数量的迅速增长,高强度、快节奏的生活使得人们的消费观念发生了深刻的变化,快捷、便利的生活消费方式正在逐步发展成为一种趋势。尤其是我国加入WTO后,市场开放,国外石油巨头纷纷直入我国开加油站,对国内市场造成了极女冲击．怕预示着今后的青争会更加激烈。而国内加油站的业务现状与国外有着较大的差距,不仅业务单一,而且经营状况也较差。因此,如何根据我国加油站所面临的市场环境发生的深刻变化、顾客需求产生的显性改变,在营销上刨新,适应市场变化,提高自身竞争力已经成为亟待解决的问题。本文从分析目前国内加油站存在的主要问题着手,解析了国外加油站发展的宝贵经验,进一步提出了目前国内加油站发展的重要措旌：注重选址、强化管理水平、采取多种经营策略、引入非油品业务和电动车加电业务。     

Test results after refurbish of cryogenic system for smiles

Superconducting Sub-millimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) is to be operated aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2009. SMILES uses two superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers for sub-millimeter-wave atmospheric observation and they are cooled to 4 K levels by a cryogenic system with a two-stage Stirling cooler, a Joule-Thomson (JT) cycle cooler and a cryostat composed of three stages. Two-stage Stirling cooler precools the JT circuit and also cools radiation shields in the cryostat. JT circuit has three tube-in-tube type heat exchangers and an orifice for JT expansion in the cryostat. The cryogenic system is built, tested and delivered.     

Exploring the impact of technology development and adoption for sustainable hydroelectric power and storage technologies in the Pacific Northwest United States

A wide range of literature streams and methods were examined for this research, including sustainability, integrated resource planning, and construction of portfolios of electricity generation technologies. The research then focused on current and emerging HPSTs (hydropower generation and storage technologies), and technical, economic, social, and environmental sustainability objectives associated with those technologies in the PNW (Pacific Northwest) region of the United States. Candidate technologies obtained from the literature were examined using the Delphi Method, and then rated according to their perceived impacts using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). GP (Goal Programming) was then used to determine an optimal mix of technologies to achieve sustainability objectives, using these weightings and assumptions related to specific scenarios regarding technology development, adoption, and availability. This research is important because few previous studies have systematically considered multiple objectives and criteria from multiple stakeholder experts for creating portfolios of sustainable electricity generation technologies. Previous research has also not comprehensively investigated the manner in which changing scenarios of technology development and availability rates may lead to various technological, economic, environmental, and social sustainability impacts with regard to planning of regional electrical generation and storage systems.     

自动气象站质量控制系统中覆盖软件的设计与实现

区域气象自动站收集降水数据的质量,直接决定着气象预警的漏警与虚假概率,但是仅依靠自动站间采集数据的时空相关性难以准确验证数据的有效性。通过天气雷达对降水滴谱的分析可以对自动站数据进行校验。但是,雷达站的系统异构性和地理环境的复杂性使其难以判定所覆盖的气象站,易产生错误校验。结合天气雷达的层体扫模式和雷达波束的遮挡模型,构建了雷达站与自动气象站点的覆盖匹配算法,基于该算法实现的自动站与雷达站匹配软件可有效的实现雷达站与自动站配对,从而为对自动站降水数据进行校验提供基础保障。