Green hydrogen-based pathways and alternatives: Towards the renewable energy transition in South America's regions–Part B

Hydropower compounds most of the energy matrix of the countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region (LAC). Considering the concern in reducing Green House Gases emissions (GHG) from hydropower plants and hydrogen production from fossil sources, green hydrogen (H₂) appears as an energy vector able to mitigate this impact. Improving the efficiency of the plant and producing renewable energy the element is an interesting alternative from the ecological and economic point of view. This study aims to estimate the potential of H₂ production from wasted energy, through the electrolysis of water in hydroelectric plants in Colombia and Venezuela. The construction of two scenarios allowed obtaining a difference, considering a spilled flow of 2/3 in the first scenario and 1/3 in the second. In Colombia, hydrogen production reached 3.39 E+08 Nm³ at a cost of 2.05 E+05 USD/kWh in scenario1, and 1.70 E+08 Nm³ costing 4.10 E+05 USD/kWh in scenario 2. Regarding the Venezuelan context, the country obtained lower production values of H₂, ranging between 7.76 E+07 Nm³.d^?1 and 4.31 E+07 Nm³.d^?1, and production cost between 9.45 E+09 USD/kWh and 1.89 E+10 USD/kWh. Thus, the final cost for the production and storage of H₂ was estimated at 0.2239 USD.kg^?1. Ultimately, Colombia and Venezuela have a large potential to supply the demand for nitrogen fertilizers with green ammonia production, apply green hydrogen in manufacturing and use the surplus for energy substitution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG. In Colombia, the chemical energy offered is equivalent to 6.681 E+11 MJ/year^?1 and in Venezuela, the result is equal to 1.697 E+11 MJ/year^?1 in the conservative scenario. Finally, the countries have great potential for the diversification of the energy matrix and the insertion of renewables in the system.     

Assessing green energy growth in Nepal with a hydropower-hydrogen integrated power grid model

The involvement of green hydrogen in energy transformation is getting global attention. This assessment examines the hydrogen production and its utilization potential in one of the hydropower-rich regions, Nepal under various demand growth and technology intervention scenarios by developing a power grid model of 52 nodes and 68 transmission lines operating at an hourly time-step. The model incorporates a grid-connected hydrogen storage system as well as charging stations for electric and hydrogen vehicles. The least-costly pathways for power grid expansion at the nodal and provincial levels are identified through optimization. The results show that 32 GW of installed capacity is required to meet domestic electricity demand and 14 GW more hydropower should be exploited to completely decarbonize the transport sector by 2050. For maintaining 50% shares of hydrogen vehicle in the transport sector and meet government electricity export targets, Nepal requires 5.7 GW, 12 GW and 23 GW of the additional electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tanks and storage-based hydropower capacities respectively. For a given electricity demand, introducing hydrogen systems can reduce the capacity requirements of hydro storage by storing surplus power generated from pondage run-of-the-river and run-of-the-river hydropower during the rainy season and using it in the dry season.     

青藏±400 kV格尔木换流站建筑节能及防风沙研究

格尔木换流站是青藏±400 kV直流输电工程送端换流站。格尔木地区海拔高、风沙大、强日照、昼夜温差大的特点给建筑构造设计带来诸多难题。对换流站建筑物环境适应性进行了研究,特别是针对建筑的外墙、门窗、钢结构屋盖的保温、防风设计进行了进一步的探讨,为青藏±400 kV直流输电工程的实施提供了技术支持,也为后续恶劣环境换流站工程建筑设计提供了可借鉴的经验。     

高流态混凝土胶结堆石筑坝技术在电站建设中的应用

静海水电站采用混凝土砌石重力坝作为水电站拦河坝,从方便施工和宜于质量控制两方面出发,拟用高流态混凝土胶结堆石筑坝技术,通过现场试验,论证了混凝土胶结堆石坝技术措施效果明显,该技术能够满足大坝设计要求,并且具有施工效率高、经济效益好、质量稳定等优点。     

近60年黄河下游年水沙量变化的多时间尺度特征

以黄河下游花园口站为例,基于1952～2009年年水量和年沙量资料,采用经验模态分解及Hilbert-Huang变换方法分析了年水沙量变化的多时间尺度特征,探讨了各波动分量的变化原因及影响因素,获得了不同波动周期的振荡分量及趋势分量,揭示了年水沙量变化的多时间尺度结构,其中准3年左右的周期波动是引起水沙波动的重要原因。     

Are HFC buses a feasible alternative for urban transportation in Paraguay?

Paraguay is very rich in hydropower and a net importer of fossil fuels. Besides, in Paraguay, the transportation sector counts for a big share of the total energy demand. So if this sector would be changed to clean fuel, imported oil dependence and air pollution will be reduced dramatically. This paper assesses the feasibility of HFC urban buses implementation in the transportation sector in Paraguay. In general, annual transportation cost for a fleet of 55 HFC urban buses is estimated in US$ 33,682,581 compared with US$ 40,612,741.84 for diesel urban buses, which indicates that this technology could be an economical and environmentally clean alternative to substitute diesel urban buses in the Paraguayan transportation sector. These results are strongly linked to the chosen boundary conditions, such as electricity price and availability, the electrolytic hydrogen demand and the basic electrolyser's management.     

A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia

The global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth. The fuel consumption was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to 11,163 Mtoe in 2009. This projected consumption will increase 1.5% per year until 2030 and reach 16,900 Mtoe and the main drivers of this growth are mostly developing countries in Asia. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and energy supply is an important factor for all-around development. The country's energy consumption still depends on non-renewable energy such as crude oil, coal and natural gas as sources of energy. Utilization of fossil fuel continuously contributes to huge amount of greenhouse gases emission that leads to climate change. Facing such an unfavorable situation, the government of Indonesia prioritizes on energy supply securities by diversification of energy resources. The energy mixes in Indonesia based on five main resources; these are crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydropower, and renewable energy. Although the country encourages utilizing renewable energy, the contribution is only around 3%. Considering natural condition and geography, this country is blessed with great potential of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, micro hydro and biomass energy. Noting the potential of renewable and sustainable energy resources in the country, the government must pay more attention on how to utilize it. Many efforts have been done to promote renewable energy such as to create energy policy and regulations, yet it still did not give any satisfactory result. Government, non-government agencies and the public should take a more proactive step to promote and use renewable energy in order to achieve the secure and environmentally sustainable energy resources.     

安康电厂机组自动化元件运行及改造

安康电厂机组自从投产以来，机组自动化元件日益暴露出许多问题，直接影响机组安全运行。因此，我们必须了解安康电厂自动化元件存在的问题，以便进行改造，提高整个电站的自动化水平。     

The deviation-flow refueling location model for optimizing a network of refueling stations

This research develops and applies a mixed-integer linear programming model that optimizes the locations of fueling stations considering not only the limited driving range of vehicles but also the necessary deviations that drivers are likely to make from their shortest paths in order to refuel their vehicles when the refueling station network is sparse. The Deviation-Flow Refueling Location Model (DFRLM) locates facilities to maximize the total flows refueled on deviation paths. The flow demand captured by the stations is assumed to decrease as the deviation that drivers must make increases. Test results indicate that the maximum allowable deviation and the specific deviation penalty functional form do have a measurable effect on the optimal locations of facilities and objective function values as well.     

基于PDA的高精度移动定位软件的设计与实现

讨论了VRS技术、串口通信、WinInet API HTTP通信、相似变换等关键技术问题,并以Visual Studio2005以及Windows Mobile5．0SDK为平台,开发了PDA定位软件,利用该软件求得坐标转换参数后,即可实时显示流动站坐标,实现本地坐标系统下的RTK定位以及成果保存等功能。试验分析结果表明,该系统达到了厘米级精度,且具有一定的应用价值。