Numerical algorithm of distributed TOPKAPI model and its application

The TOPKAPI （TOPographic Kinematic APproximation and Integration） model is a physically based rainfall-runoff model derived from the integration in space of the kinematic wave model. In the TOPKAPI model, rainfall-runoff and runoff routing processes are described by three nonlinear reservoir differential equations that are structurally similar and describe different hydrological and hydraulic processes. Equations are integrated over grid cells that describe the geometry of the catchment, leading to a cascade of nonlinear reservoir equations. For the sake of improving the model＇s computation precision, this paper provides the general form of these equations and describes the solution by means of a numerical algorithm, the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. For the purpose of assessing the quality of the comprehensive numerical algorithm, this paper presents a case study application to the Buliu River Basin, which has an area of 3 310 km^2, using a DEM （digital elevation model） grid with a resolution of 1 km. The results show that the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm for nonlinear reservoir equations is a good approximation of subsurface flow in the soil matrix, overland flow over the slopes, and surface flow in the channel network, allowing us to retain the physical properties of the original equations at scales ranging from a few meters to 1 km.     

漳卫南运河流域水污染趋势与控制

通过调查,研究漳卫南运河20年来的污染历史和发展趋势,结合流域污染源监测,全面评价流域水污染现状和形势,提出了漳卫运河水污染控制对策:明确治理目标控制排污总量;严格执法;调整产业结构,治理污染源;加强城市污水处理厂的建设与运行管理;加强流域管理;加强监测;优化水资源配置及跨流域调水。     

Economic analysis of water temperature reduction practices in a large river floodplain: an exploratory study of the Willamette River,Oregon

This paper examines ecosystem restoration practices that focus on water temperature reductions in the upper mainstem Willamette River, Oregon, for the benefit of endangered salmonids and other native cold‐water species. The analysis integrates hydrologic, natural science and economic models to determine the cost‐effectiveness of alternative water temperature reduction strategies. A temperature model is used to simulate the effects of combinations of upstream riparian shading and flow augmentations on downstream water temperatures. Costs associated with these strategies are estimated and consist of the opportunity costs of lost agricultural production and recreation opportunities due to flow releases from an up‐stream reservoir. Temperature reductions from another strategy, hyporheic flow enhancement, are also examined. Restoration strategies associated with enhanced hyporheic cooling consist of removal/reconnection of current obstacles to the creation of dynamic river channel complexity. The observed reduction of summer water temperatures associated with enhanced channel complexity indicates that restoring hyporheic flow processes is more likely to achieve cost‐effective temperature reductions and meet the total maximum daily load (TMDL) target than conventional approaches that rely on increased riparian shading or/and combinations of flow augmentation. Although the costs associated with the hyporheic flow enhancement approach are substantial, the effects of such a long‐term ecological improvement of the floodplain are expected to assist the recovery of salmonid populations and provide ancillary benefits to society. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天津海河磷的分布特征

采集海河干流重要断面、相应排污渠以及部分支流(北运河、子牙河、南运河)共29个监测断面的水样,对样品中的溶解性活性磷(SRP)、总溶解态磷(TDP)与总磷(TP)进行测定,并分析其分布特征。结果显示:海河干流各断面的TP质量浓度为0.4~3.5mg/L,已超出GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准,SRP质量浓度0.09~0.75 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.24~1.42 mg/L;各排污渠(支流)TP质量浓度0.2~5.0 mg/L,SRP质量浓度0.01~3.63 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.12~4.16 mg/L。排污渠(支流)多数断面的含磷量比相应干流的高。天津海河总磷以总溶解态磷为主要形态,这和海河悬浮颗粒物浓度较低有关。     

江苏省沿江八市住宅需求差异分析

简述了江苏省沿江八市的概况,运用聚类分析方法对八个城市进行分类,收集八市的相关面板数据,构造住宅需求函数,对各类城市的住宅需求进行分析,并比较得出各类城市住宅需求的差异。     

南水北调中线穿黄隧道盾构注浆浆材试验

为满足南水北调中线工程穿黄隧洞盾构施工工法要求,对研制开发的水泥-膨润土-水玻璃系双液塑性壁后注浆材料,通过室内模拟注浆试验,重点探讨了材料组分对注浆材料流动性、稳定性、凝胶特性、强度等性能的影响.结果表明:凝胶时间可控制在10 s左右;不同配比注浆材料1 h单轴抗压强度为0.08～0.12 MPa,28 d为7.81～8.52 MPa;渗透系数为2.0×10-8 cm/s;模拟注浆时浆液不被水稀释,充填良好;且不会对地层产生劈裂,也不会向开挖掌子面渗漏.     

基于灰色聚类的黄河防汛物资分类储备模型研究

对黄河防汛抢险物资进行分类是科学储备黄河防汛抢险物资的前提和基础。通过综合考虑物资的重要性、储备性、成本性和社会性,结合黄河防汛抢险的特殊性,建立了黄河防汛物资分类指标体系,采用灰色聚类的方法对防汛物资进行分类,针对各类防汛物资的特点和实际需求,提出相应的管理策略,提高防汛物资保障能力,为黄河防汛物资的科学储备提供依据。     

River scale model of a training dam using lightweight granulates

Replacing existing river groynes with longitudinal training dams is considered as a promising flood mitigation measure in the main Dutch rivers, which can also serve to guarantee navigability during low flows and to create conditions favourable for ecological development. Whereas the bed response in the streamwise uniform part of a river trained by a longitudinal dam can be readily predicted, the bed response at the transition zones is unclear. In the present study, we investigate the local morphological effects resulting at the intake section of a longitudinal training dam, where the flow is distributed over the main channel and a side channel in between the dam and the river shore. A sediment recirculating model with a nearly undistorted geometry with respect to the prototype was setup. Lightweight polystyrene granulates were used as a surrogate for sediment, to properly scale the Shields parameter without compromising Froude scaling, and reach dynamical similarity. A laser scanner allowed collecting high-resolution bed elevation data. Results obtained under typical low flow and high flow conditions show a general deepening of the bed in the area adjacent to the training dam, in response to narrowing of the main channel. Scour at an upstream river groyne embedded in the model showed a scour hole which was deeper than realistic. Throughout the entire domain, bedforms developed featuring geometrical properties that reproduced the prototype conditions appropriately. Based on a comparison with characteristics from the River Waal, regarded as the prototype without a longitudinal dam, lightweight sediments were considered to be a proper choice for this study, in which bedload is the main sediment transport mode. The main conclusion regards the absence of significant morphodynamic developments at the intake section, both during the high flow experiment and during the low flow experiment, which can be attributed to the alignment of the dam with the local streamlines.     

Adaptive robust control of uncertain time delay systems

The problem of adaptive robust control for uncertain linear systems with multiple delays occurring in the state variables is studied in this paper. The essential requirement for the uncertainties is that they satisfy matching conditions and are norm-bounded, but the bounds of the uncertainties are not necessarily known. An adaptive controller is developed based on linear matrix inequality technique and it is shown that the controller can guarantee the state variables of the closed loop system to converge, globally, uniformly and exponentially, to a ball in the state space with any pre-specified convergence rate. The effectiveness of our approach has been verified by its application in the control of river pollution process for the purpose of preserving standards of water constituents in streams.     

黄河内蒙古河段冲淤量评估

通过实测断面资料、来沙量资料和同流量水位的变化等,对黄河内蒙古河段的冲淤量分别进行了估算,其结果基本一致。综合分析表明,1986-2004年内蒙古三盛公—头道拐河段年均淤积量为0.616亿t是基本可靠的,而主槽的淤积量占全断面的80%以上。总体看,这一数值可以反映1986年龙羊峡水库运用以来内蒙古河道的淤积情况。