Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.     

基于分水岭算法的绿色荧光蛋白图像分割

基于分水岭算法,提出了一种绿色荧光蛋白图像的分割方法．为了克服分水岭算法易于产生过分割的现象,本文主要从前期预处理和后期区域合并两个方面着手,结合了中值滤波、分水岭变换、阈值区域合并技术,运用MATlab软件,对绿色荧光蛋白图像进行分割,取得了良好的效果．     

基于标记提取分水岭算法的医学图像分割

针对医学图像分割中分水岭算法的过分割问题,提出了一种改进的基于标记提取的分水岭算法．此算法埘分水岭算法进行厂两点改进：一是在预处理阶段,先对原始图像做腐蚀滤波和膨胀滤波处理,将原始吲像与腐蚀图像相加后减去膨胀图像得到合并图像,再对合并图像做开、闭运算,从而达到滤除原始图像中的噪声和非感知信息、保留原始图像结构信息的目的;二是在分割阶段,对开、闭运算后的图像进行分水岭分割,该分割由形态梯度计算、标记提取和分水岭分割二部分组成．改进后的算法因为无需进行分割后的区域合并处理,降低了分割的复杂性,同时能较好地抑制慨部医学图像中的过分割问题,并把图像中的病变区域有效分割出来．     

一种分割虚拟人彩色冰冻切片图像的混和方法

彩色冰冻切片图像的分割是数字虚拟人项目最为关键和基础的部分。本文提出一种新的基于支持向量机和分水岭算法相结合的混和分割方法，它利用分水岭算法修正传统支持向量方法获得的分割结果完成最终分割。实验表明，该方法可以更准确地对虚拟人彩色冰冻切片图像进行分割。     

一种基于二维网格的自动视频对象分割及跟踪方法

提出了一种基于二维网格的自动视频对象分割及跟踪方法。该方法首先检测图像中的特征点，然后将特征点分为运动和静止两类，再提取、构造粗糙运动对象轮廓，再进一步得出较精确的运动对象边缘，最后跟踪分割出的运动对象，实验证实算法是有效的。     

目标基视频编码中的运动目标提取与跟踪新算法

自动、快速的视频目标提取与跟踪是目标基视频编码中的一项关键技术.本文提出一种运动目标提取与跟踪新算法.首先,根据多帧运动信息和高阶统计检测方法得到二值运动掩模图像,然后提出一种改进分水岭算法对运动区域及其周围部分进行分割.将二者所得结果进行投影运算,得到最终运动目标.最后提出一种运动目标跟踪新算法,能对目标进行有效的跟踪.实验结果说明了本文算法的有效性.     

综合利用人脸特征和活动轮廓技术的人脸检测及跟踪算法

把基于静态图像分割的人脸检测技术同活动轮廓技术相结合，提出了一种在视频序列中检测和跟踪人脸的算法．它在Y、U、V联合梯度的基础土实施分水岭运算，并利用人脸的宽高比、颜色、结构等特征进行人脸逐级判别，从而确定人脸住置，然后用基于骨架的活动轮廓进行精确定位和帧间跟踪，从而较好地实现了视频序列中的人脸检测与跟踪问题。算法具有较强的鲁棒性，对于运动比较平缓、脸部轮廓比较清晰的情况，可以进行长时间跟踪。本算法在面向内容的可伸缩视频压缩编码系统中得到应用。     

基于正交极差分析的青龙河流域HSPF模型参数寻优模式

为评价桃林口水库水文水质状况,建立其上游青龙河流域的BASINs/HSPF水文水质模拟模型.以Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数作为评价标准,联合正交设计和极差分析法进行参数寻优研究和可靠性分析.结果表明:BASINs/HSPF模型参数寻优的正交极差联合分析模式可大幅减小参数的寻优次数和寻优区间,是获得模型灵敏度参数和参数满意解的高效模式,可为模型参数寻优算法开发提供借鉴;应用正交极差分析的参数率定结果,以青龙河流域下游桃林口水库监测点2011年实测径流数据对模型进行验证,验证期(2011年)的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.79,稍低于率定期(2012年)的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(0.81)以及PEST自动校准的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(0.84),水质模拟结果也基本吻合;针对青龙河流域BASINs/HSPF模型,应用正交极差分析方法识别出6个高灵敏的BASINs/HSPF模型参数(IRC、INFILT、AGWRC、DEEPFR、AGWETP和LZSN);应用正交极差分析方法获得的BASINs/HSPF模型参数满意解取值区间依次为:LZSN[2.0,6.3],INFILT[0.084,0.167],AGWRC[0.90,0.95],DEEPFR[0.209,0.333],BASETP[0.067,0.199],AGWETP[0.067,0.199],CEPSC[0.14,0.27],UZSN[1.35,2.00],IRC[0.392,0.483].     

单元嵌套网格产汇流理论

凭借"大数据"可以精细刻画降雨空间分布和下垫面空间变异性的优势,提出了"大数据"背景下考虑降雨空间分布和下垫面空间变异性对流域产汇流影响的计算方法,即单元嵌套网格剖分流域的方法。通过引入"网格水滴"的概念揭示了流域瞬时单位线的物理本质,对由RodriguezIturbe和Valdes所提出R-V地貌瞬时单位线理论进行补充,分析了等流时线法和单位线法的局限性,提出的单元嵌套网格产汇理论既克服了等流时线法和单位线法的缺点,也吸取了它们的优点,为在"大数据"支撑下统一等流时线和单位线法提供了可行性。     

Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France)

A two-year study of pollutants in both the stormwater and wastewater of urban watersheds has been conducted in Nantes (France). The present paper discusses the characteristics of pollutants transported by stormwater and wastewater collection networks in two urban watersheds. A physicochemical characterisation of the effluents was performed, along with an estimation of pollutant fluxes discharged into the Gohards River. Suspended solids (SS), trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides were studied. SS, Zn, Cu and glyphosate were the main pollutants in stormwater and wastewater. In the watersheds examined, the pyrolitic origin of PAHs (mainly from traffic) was determined through ratios, with fluoranthene and pyrene being predominant. Despite a reduction in the use of pesticides in Nantes Metropolitan area, herbicides containing glyphosate were still detected in stormwater. It should be noted that this herbicide is widely used by homeowners, a fact that may explain its occurrence in stormwater.