Assessment of Institutional and Legal Framework for Sustainable LandUse Management Practices in Ashi River Watershed, China

中国阿什河流域可持续土地利用管理实践的制度和法律框架评估

Vitus Tankpa1, 王立1, Raphael Ane Atanga2, 郭晓朦 1 ,Alfred Awotwi 3

（1.哈尔滨工业大学 环境工程学院 城市水资源与水环境国家重点实验室 哈尔滨150090;

2.约翰内斯堡大学 旅游与酒店学院,南非 约翰内斯堡;

3.发展研究大学 环境科学系 ,加纳 纳夫龙戈）

中文说明：土地退化（LD）引起的非点源污染（NPS）是导致农业为主型小流域水质恶化的关键影响因素。目前全球正在推行可持续土地利用管理（SLM）方法以减少LD的影响。国际经验表明,土地使用者的行为直接影响流域的可持续土地管理实践和NP污染态势,洞悉土地使用者与SLM实施方略之间的内在关系才能有效防止NPS对流域水资源的污染。本研究的重点是通过法律法规约束有效性来探讨在阿什河流域实施SLM的方法和可行性。通过结构化的调查问卷来收集实地数据,采用随机抽样法从两个控制单位社区的150个土地使用者那里收集数据进行统计分析。结果显示,阿什流域SLM方法的实施率较低,这与当地建设能力和法规执行力度密切相关。其中,居民的职业和年龄与SLM采用率相关性最高,与农业有关的居民对SLM的采用状况更为敏感。建议通过职能部门加强决策和推行法规的力度,以促使农民推行SLM技术,将有助于解决阿什河NPS污染问题。

关键词：可持续土地利用管理; 体制;法律框架;土地利用;阿什河流域

     

分布式大坝安全信息系统集成

提出了流域综合管理的概念,介绍了流域内水电站自动化安全监测系统的分布式集成方案,讨论了分布式大坝安全信息系统中控制集成和数据集成的解决方案,通过综合管理,进一步提高了流域内大坝安全管理的效率,降低了管理成本。该系统具有良好的管理效益与应用价值。     

基于利益相关者共生的跨界流域综合管理研究____以赤水河流域为例

为了研究跨界地区流域的综合管理问题，以云贵川3省交界处的赤水河流域为个案，运用利益相关者理论和共生理论的定性分析方法，对赤水河流域内的利益相关者作了界定，并分析了他们之间的共生关系和共生驱动力。结果表明：要实现流域的可持续发展，既需要政府、公众、社会组织的多方协力，也需要高效的合作机制和健全的法律法规。     

A Comparison of Connectivity Metrics on Watersheds and Implications for Water Management

Barriers within streams can affect riverine species' ability to access habitats and may reduce their population viability. Connectivity metrics attempt to quantify the impacts of barriers; however, little is known about their functioning when applied to dendritic habitats such as watersheds. Several graph‐theoretic connectivity metrics were calculated on rivers originating in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. These metrics were classified into two primary groups: metrics that count weighted paths through the stream network and metrics that predict the flow of organisms through a stream reach. Representative metrics from each of these categories were suggested to model the effects of dams and water intakes, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

数字流域模型在长江上游龙河流域的应用

数字流域模型是当前水文领域研究的热点问题。本研究选取长江上游龙河小流域为研究对象,将数字流域模型应用于长江流域。首先利用ArcGIS软件提取河网信息,选取该流域1982年汛期的降雨及流量过程,采用基于因素分析的图解法对模型进行率定及验证。结果显示模拟的Nash系数达到0.965,洪峰相对误差在10%以内,表明该模型可以很好地模拟长江小流域产汇流过程。然后还对模型中涉及的几个重要参数进行敏感性分析,结果表明：土壤垂向饱和导水率主要影响峰值,二者成负相关;土壤初始含水量主要影响径流量,二者成正相关;田间持水量与峰值和径流量均成负相关;植被截留水量与峰值和径流量均成负相关;糙率主要影响峰型,与峰值成负相关。若要将率定后的数字流域模型应用到具体工程实践中,还需用近期实测数据对模型进一步进行验证。     

Pattern of Anguillicoloides crassus infestation in the St. Lawrence River watershed

The non-native swim bladder nematode Anguillicoloides crassus was first documented in wild American eel (Anguilla rostrata) in South Carolina in 1996, and has since spread through rivers and estuaries along the east coast of the United States and Canada. American eel in Canada are a species of conservation concern, primarily due to a severe decline in recruitment within the St. Lawrence River watershed. We report the first occurrence of A. crassus in American eel in the St. Lawrence River watershed in 2010. Prevalence of A. crassus infection remained low through 2014, but has since increased to approximately 30% over the past 3 years. Infection intensity has also increased from only a single nematode up to 2013 to an average of 6.5 nematodes per infected eel in 2018. In outmigrating silver-stage eels sampled in the St. Lawrence estuary, the first occurrence of A. crassus was noted in 2015 and prevalence has fluctuated from a low 0.2% in 2015 to a high of 3.6% in 2017. In 2018, A. crassus was first identified in an eel recruiting to the upper St. Lawrence River. A. crassus was likely inadvertently introduced to the St. Lawrence River watershed during a conservation stocking research project in which glass-stage eels from infected areas were translocated to the region to supplement natural recruitment. It is not clear at this time what harm this additional threat will pose to an already declining contingent of this panmictic species.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域产沙的降雨阈值变化

2000年以来,随着黄土高原林草植被大幅改善和大规模梯田建成,加之坝库拦截,黄土高原入黄沙量锐减,从而使黄土高原现状产沙情势的认知成为近年关注的热点。目前,增大林草和梯田覆盖状况可减少或遏制侵蚀产沙的观点已被广泛认可,但其在流域层面上的减沙机制仍有待深入认识。本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区30条面积较小的流域作为样本,以场次降雨为分析对象,以场次降雨的面雨量、最大1 h降雨量和降雨侵蚀力为降雨指标,以场次降雨的产沙强度≥500 t/km2为流域产沙的判断标准,探讨了林草梯田覆盖程度变化与可致流域产沙的降雨阈值之间的响应关系。研究表明,无论地貌类型如何,随着流域林草梯田覆盖程度的增大,流域产沙的降雨阈值均明显增加,其中黄土丘陵第1—3副区的降雨阈值与林草梯田有效覆盖率之间呈正向的指数函数关系。在相同下垫面下,黄土丘陵第1—3副区的降雨阈值差别很小;或因植被主要分布在梁茆,或因河道产沙占比较大,因此,砒砂岩区、黄土残塬区和黄土丘陵第5副区更易产沙,其降雨阈值明显小于第1—3副区。本成果不仅为诠释林草梯田减沙的机制提供了科学支撑,而且也可为黄河水沙情势的评价和入黄沙量预报提供重要参考。     

Relationship between water quality variations and land use in the Batutegi Dam Watershed,Sekampung, Indonesia

The Sekampung Hulu and Sangharus rivers were selected as target sites to study improved use and conservation of dam reservoir water because the region is an important source of fresh water, irrigation water for downstream agriculture and production of hydropower. The two rivers exhibited differences in average water quality. Most water quality parameters exhibited clear differences between the two rivers at each sampling event, with the relative differences not changing during the sampling period. Analysis of water quality based on land use percentage indicated that upland fields had a major impact on most water quality parameters. In addition, forest and plantation conditions had a major impact on the suspended solids concentrations. The results of the present study suggest that current management of these land use categories may not be adequate to prevent or even decrease erosion.     

福建省山洪灾害风险识别与定量分析

受极端天气、复杂下垫面和人类活动多重因素影响,山洪灾害在我国频发高发,且预测预报难度较大。本文基于全国山洪灾害调查评价成果,着眼于15-20 km~2的小流域,从降雨、下垫面、社会经济、现状防洪能力、涉水工程及监测预警设施配置率6个方面,提取了54个备选指标,运用主成分分析法进行降维处理,筛选了10个核心且独立的指标,构建了风险评估指标体系,建立了风险立方体模型,并运用福建省2306场历史山洪场次数据进行了模型验证。结果表明,基于小流域的山洪灾害风险识别可有效反映灾害对降雨和下垫面的响应关系;沿海台风暴雨高发区和内陆山区短时强降雨高值区是山洪灾害高风险区,涉及小流域1151个,面积近2万km~2,人口608万。     

流域水环境与生态学研究回顾与展望

简要分析了流域水环境与生态学的发展历程,系统介绍了2010年以来中国水利水电科学研究院水环境研究所取得的主要科研成果:(1)水环境监测技术与标准。形成了水环境监测分析技术与标准体系,研发了系列水环境监测标准物质,研究了水源地健康风险评价技术与水污染事件应急预警预报关键技术,研发了水环境监测新技术与设备;(2)流域水环境与水生态过程演变机理与模型。在大型水库重金属污染物水环境演变机理及效应、生源物质流域迁移转化特征及驱动机制、生态水文过程变异与河湖生态响应机制与流域水环境与生态模型等方面取得系列创新成果;(3)流域水质目标管理与流域水环境综合治理技术。形成了水功能区达标评价技术体系、流域容量总量控制技术体系,提出了流域水环境综合治理规划技术与湖库沉积物污染评价与生态疏浚方案制定技术,研发了生物慢滤水处理水质净化技术及设备;(4)河湖健康评估与水生态保护修复技术。提出了河湖健康评估标准,研究形成了河湖水系生态连通技术、生态流量确定技术、水质水量联合调度技术与水生态修复技术。最后分析了新时期水环境与生态学的科技需求,提出了水环境研究的展望。