青藏高原多圈层相互作用观测工程及其应用

青藏高原作为地球的第三极,是"水—冰—气—生"多圈层体现最全,且相互作用最强烈的地区。高原强大的动力和热力作用显著地影响着东亚气候格局、亚洲季风进程和北半球大气环流。全球气候变化不仅影响到青藏高原本身的水圈与冰冻圈过程,改变青藏高原内部的生态系统与环境,影响该地区社会经济发展与人民生存条件,而且通过大气环流与水循环过程直接影响到东亚及周边国家的用水安全和自然灾害防护。正确认识青藏高原复杂地表多圈层相互作用规律的一条有效途径是在各种不同的下垫面上建立多圈层相互作用综合观测站(点)。在中国科学院和国家相关部门的支持下,过去的7年中,中国科学院青藏高原研究所与其他相关单位一道正在整个青藏高原面上逐步建立"青藏高原观测研究平台"以研究该地区复杂地表的多圈层相互作用规律。首先具体介绍中国科学院青藏高原研究所在高原上已经建立的5个综合观测研究站,然后介绍利用各个站点观测资料分析得到的多圈层相互作用(主要是地气相互作用)的研究结果,最后提出了青藏高原多圈层相互作用观测试验研究所面临的难题和可能的解决办法。     

青藏高原及东缘新一代大气综合探测系统应用平台 ——中日合作JICA项目

2005年至2009年中日科学家合作执行了JICA（Japan international cooperation agency）项目,建立了包括GPS水汽观测、探空观测、自动气象站等组成的青藏高原及其东部大气的综合监测网,有效提升了青藏高原及其东部周边地区气象综合监测能力和气象资料的采集能力,提高了青藏高原及其东部周边地区大气观测资料的数量和质量。建立了灾害天气早期预警和预报平台,并在业务中得到了应用。JICA项目青藏高原大气综合监测网的建立,不仅在提高对高原及其东部灾害天气气候的认识方面具有重要的科学意义,也在高原及其东部灾害天气气候的监测、预报、预警和评估的业务能力,减轻气象灾害造成的损失,提高气象部门防灾减灾决策能力等方面具有重要的实际应用价值。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的类型与环境适宜性评价

在对黄土高原人居环境整体研究的基础上,提出以黄土高原沟壑区小流域作为研究黄土高原人居环境的切八点,并运用GIS方法对黄土高原沟壑区小流域进行类型化研究。选取姜家河小流域作为典型案例,利用GIS软件强大的计算和表现能力,对姜家河小流域人居环境进行自然环境状态下的适宜性评价,获取直观的图和量化的数据,使研究更加科学和深入。在此研究成果的基础上,提出黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的发展规划控制原则。     

黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目监测评价工作概述

开展监测评价工作,是保证黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目成功的关键因素之一.黄土高原项目设立了五级监测评价机构,通过对典型农户、典型地块及生态、保水保土效益监测点项目的质量,进度,经济、社会效益,生态效益,保水保土效益进行全面监测,保证了项目建设的质量、进度,为宏观决策提供了依据,确保了项目效益的发挥,也确保了项目目标的实现.     

Bioinspired Anti-Plateau–Rayleigh-Instability on Dual Parallel Fibers

The Plateau–Rayleigh instability (PRI) is a well-known phenomenon where a liquid column always breaks up into droplets to achieve the minimization of surface energy. It normally leads to the non-uniformity of a liquid film, which, however, is unfavorable for the fluid coating process. So far, strategies to overcome this instability rely on either the surfactants, UV/high-temp curing treatments, or specific chemical reactions, which suffer from both limited liquid composition and complicated experimental conditions. Natural mulberry silk, a typical composite fiber, is produced by silkworms through a similar fluidic coating process, but exhibits a remarkably uniform and smooth surface. Drawing inspiration, it is revealed that the unique dual parallel fibers are capable of overcoming the PRI during the fluid coating process. Such anti-PRI ability is attributable to the changes in the Laplace pressure difference caused by the alternative asymmetry of the liquid film, as has been demonstrated by both a force analysis on the irregular liquid film and theoretical simulation according to the stability of the liquid on parallel fibers in the fluid coating process. The strategy is applicable for preparing various smooth functional coatings on fibers, which offers new perspectives for fluid coating and microfluidic technologies.     

黄土高原区域水土流失评价数据库的建立

数据库的建设是实现区域水土流失评价的基础。本文以黄土高原区域的水土流失为研究对象,根据区域评价对数据建设的需要,分析了该区的水土流失影响因素和进行水土流失评价的数据需求状况,运用GIS(ARC/INFO),建立了适于该区水土流失的系统、宏观、综合和定量评价的基本数据库,并就区域水土流失评价数据库建立中的若干问题进行了探讨。结果表明,GIS是进行具有海量地理数据特点的区域地学研究的强有力工具。     

Remote monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and evapotranspiration following saltcedar leaf beetle attack

Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) has invaded riparian ecosystems throughout the Western United States, including significant portions of riparian ecosystems within U.S. National Parks and Monuments. Recently, the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) was released as a tamarisk biocontrol agent. Although initial releases have been monitored, no comprehensive program is currently in place to monitor the rapid spread of Diorhabda that has resulted from numerous subsequent releases by county and state agencies. Long term monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and its impacts on habitat and water resources is needed. This study examines the potential for using higher spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and lower spatial resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for monitoring defoliation caused by Diorhabda and subsequent changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Widespread tamarisk defoliation was observed in an eastern Utah study area during summer 2007. ASTER normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed only minor changes between 2005 and 2006, but a significant drop in NDVI was found within riparian areas between 2006 and 2007. The decrease in NDVI caused by defoliation was apparent despite partial refoliation within the study area. MODIS time series data revealed that absolute decline in EVI varied by site, but that the timing of EVI decline during summer 2007 was early with respect to phenological patterns from 2001 through 2006. Defoliation caused decreases in ET values estimated from both ASTER and MODIS data. MODIS estimated ET declined earlier than in previous years, although annual ET was not significantly different than ET in previous years due to high year-to-year variability. Challenges to detection and monitoring of tamarisk defoliation include spectral mixing of tamarisk and other cover types at subpixel spatial resolution, spatial coregistration of time series images, the timing of image acquisition, and changes unrelated to defoliation in non-tamarisk land cover over time. Continued development of the techniques presented in this paper may allow monitoring the spread of Diorhabda and assessment of potential water salvage resulting from biocontrol of tamarisk.     

青藏高原北麓河地区热融湖塘冰晶体和气泡特征分析

青藏高原的季节性冰盖不仅改变局部大气下垫面和气-水-地热交换形式;同时也是交通、水利工程建设不可忽略的因素。作者首次开展青藏高原北麓河地区热融湖塘冰的生消过程和冰内部晶体及气泡特征的现场观测。结果发现热融湖塘冰盖层内存在两类典型气泡,并分为大气泡区和小气泡区,气泡含量随冰的生长而减少。整个冰层为柱状晶体,粒径随深度增加而增大。冰密度随气泡含量的不同而变化较大。本文综合气象和地质因素来分析其形成机理。     

黄土高原坡耕地水土流失综合治理中循环利用及模式分析

黄土高原地区的坡耕地是水土流失最为严重的区域,治理好坡耕地是防治水土流失的关键。通过对坡耕地水土流失和综合治理主要措施的分析,探讨了黄土高原坡耕地的径流泥沙、坡面水资源以及农业化肥的循环利用．提出了以整治梯田工程、营造经济林、建设集水补水性耕地、实施封禁治理等多种坡耕地综合治理模式。     

水电能源开发对雅鲁藏布江流域景观格局的影响

研究选取1980年~2015年LUCC土地分类数据,分析了青藏高原地区水电站建设运行前后7类景观格局指标的变化情况,并结合土地利用转移概率矩阵,分析了不同景观迁移变化规律。结果显示,水电能源开发使得水电站上游水域有不同程度的增大,最大增幅达到96%;水电能源开发带形成了劳动力聚集效应,满足了区域发展的能源需求;水电站建成后耕地的面积有不同程度的下降,上游水位抬升淹没与人口迁移是主要因素。水电能源开发活动对青藏高原生态环境的影响有限,对区域经济发展促进作用明显,自然环境的变化仍是青藏高原地区景观格局的主要影响因素。