青藏高原多年冻土区冷却路基技术现场实效监测研究

以青藏铁路现场实体工程为背景，选用块石路堤、块石护坡和通风管路堤主动冷却措施进行现场实体工群试验，通过对路基内温度场的监测，研究这些措施对保护冻土的作用及效果。分析结果表明，2个冻融周期后，块石护坡路基、通风管路基和块石路基均具有一定的调节降温作用，有利于下覆多年冻土的保护。但是冻土上限的抬升需要消耗下部土体的冷能来实现，说明冻上路基温度场还处于不稳定阶段。     

青藏高原油气资源远景评价问题

位于全球特提斯巨型油气构造域东段的青藏高原是我国现今陆上面积最大、油气调查和研究程度最低的地区.尽管近些年来对青藏高原油气地质研究取得了大量成果,但是仍存在诸多尚未解决的基础地质和石油地质问题,从而影响并制约着该区油气资源远景评价.根据特提斯构造域演化、青藏高原大地构造属性、盆地基底以及新生代大陆碰撞、高原隆升对盆地的改造作用,提出了影响该区油气资源远景评价的10个重要问题,并对这些问题进行了讨论分析,指出了该区油气地质调查与远景评价中应进一步深入研究的关键问题.     

若尔盖高原径流量变化与储水量计算

若尔盖高原的降水量微弱减少与蒸发量持续上升,使若尔盖高原径流量与储水量逐年降低,直接减少了若尔盖高原的湿地面积和对黄河上游径流量的补给。基于红原、若尔盖和玛曲站的气象数据和7个水文站的径流量数据(1981-2011年),并对数据序列进行插补与计算,获得若尔盖高原的径流量变化与气候因子的响应关系,进而计算储水量变化。计算结果表明:若尔盖高原向黄河年均补水(67. 08±14. 90)×108m3,并以0. 48×108m3/a速率持续减少。降水量每减少1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 02×108和0. 05×108m3。蒸发量每增加1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 12×108和0. 27×108m3。1981-2011年若尔盖高原的年均储水量为(59. 30±18. 69)×108m3,其年均递减速率为0. 49×108m3/a。本研究有助于认识若尔盖高原对于黄河上游水资源保障的重要性。     

青藏高原山区河流广义河相关系与多频率沿程河相关系

山区河流地貌由流域来水来沙和地质地貌等下垫面背景因素决定,基岩限制性河段与冲积河段相间分布,这些河流是否存在稳定的河相关系,是山区河流地貌演变研究亟待回答的重要问题.本研究以发源于青藏高原的六大水系共129个水文测验断面的实测流量和实测大断面数据为主要数据源,以青藏高原六大水系的沿程河相关系为研究对象,探讨了同一河段与...     

黄土高塬沟壑区水土保持对小流域地表径流的影响

水土保持对径流的作用是水土流失治理中一个亟待回答的实际问题．本文用小流域平行对比观测法，分析了黄土高塬沟壑区水土保持对小流域地表径流的数量及其时间分布特征的影响，表明在黄土高塬沟壑区，水土保持能使小流域产洪次数减少、地表径流模数和径流系数减小；使小流域地表径流模数的年际变率增大；在洪水产流过程中，水土保持使流域产流起始时间滞后，径流持续时间缩短，瞬时流量及洪峰流量降低以至消失     

黄土高原沟道坝系模型设计方法

在回顾前人研究成果及分析土壤侵蚀模型试验特点的基础上，提出了黄土高原小流域沟道坝系模型设计的方法。认为在水力侵蚀最活跃的黄土高原地区，降雨强度是影响产流产沙的关键因子，从而需要抓住降雨与侵蚀产沙这对主要矛盾，根据降雨侵蚀空间或时问的集积效果来实现模型流域与原型流域产沙特征的相似。为保证沟道坝系地貌演变相似，除降雨历时遵循重力相似条件外，模型降雨产沙关系还应通过借助天然资料率定产沙量比尺的途径与原型相对应。     

Rheological and micro-Raman time-series characterization of enzyme sol–gel solution toward morphological control of electrospun fibers

Abstract

Rheological and micro-Raman time-series characterizations were used to investigate the chemical evolutionary changes of silica sol–gel mixtures for electrospinning fibers to immobilize an enzyme (tyrosinase). Results of dynamic rheological measurements agreed with the expected structural transitions associated with reacting sol–gel systems. The electrospinning sols exhibited shear-thinning behavior typical of a power law model. Ultrafine (200–300 nm diameter) fibers were produced at early and late times within the reaction window of approximately one hour from initial mixing of sol solutions with and without enzyme; diameter distributions of these fibers showed much smaller deviations than expected. The enzyme markedly increased magnitudes of both elastic and viscous moduli but had no significant impact on final fiber diameters, suggesting that the shear-thinning behavior of both sol–gel mixtures is dominant in the fiber elongation process. The time course and scale for the electrospinning batch fabrication show strong correlations between the magnitudes in rheological property changes over time and the chemical functional group evolution obtained from micro-Raman time-series analysis of the reacting sol–gel systems.     

Chronological Link Between the Abrupt Change of the Loess Grain Size Sequence and the Formation of River Terraces on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Early-Pleistocene

Based on the study of magnetostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of Garz(e) A section on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late early-Pleistocene, the basal age of Garz(e) loess is located at ～1.16 MaBP and a series of abrupt paleoclimatic changes is detected. The times of abrupt changes are of distinct series features, and the interval between each two adjacent abrupt changes is～50 kyr or ～100 kyr. The most significant abrupt changes occur at around 1.06, 0.85, 0.6, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.14 MaBP. There is a chronological link between the abrupt changes of paleoclimate and the formation of river terraces and it is almost simultaneous with a strengthening trend of neotectonic activities. Therefore, maybe the climatic transition contrail the timing of terrace formation, and the tectonic uplift originate potential energy and has a direct effect on channel incision,both the climatic transition and the tectonic uplift are important. Terraces are the products of the interaction of instable climatic variations and tectonic uplift. Like the loess-paleosol sequences, river terrace sequences are also controlled by the climate-tectonic coupling system and are ruled by climate-tectonic gyration with a ～100 kyr paracycle, which may be the short eccentricity period of the earth.     

气候变化对甘肃黄土高原土壤贮水量的影响

利用甘肃省黄土高原16个气象站1971~2000年气象资料、13个农业气象观测站及3个农业气象试验站土壤湿度资料,分析了近50年温度、降水及近30年土壤水分变化特征,用数理统计方法拟合了0~200 cm土壤贮水量动态变化,得出了土壤贮水量随气候变化的规律。研究表明,上世纪80年代以来,甘肃黄土高原土壤含水呈减少之势,0~200 cm土层土壤总贮水量春、秋季减少了40~90mm,夏季减少了20~36mm;土壤贮水适宜农作物生长的时段减少了2~3月,土壤水分匮缺的范围无论从时段及层次上都有所扩展。     

基于MapObjects的区域地质文献管理系统的建立

在进行区域地质研究的过程中,会涉及到大量的参考文献。当研究区域范围比较大、研究方法比较多的情况下,查找文献就会变成一项负担。本文以青藏高原的研究为例,利用VB开发了基于MapObjects的区域地质文献库管理系统。在对文献库进行综合管理的基础上,实现了由文献查找区域、在区域上查找文献等功能,很好地完成了地图与数据库的交互。