水泥基复合材料微结构破坏声发射研究

研究不同组分的水泥基复合材料在三点弯曲负荷下,材料内部微结构破坏的声发射特性。结果表明,在加载初期声发射事件发展较为缓慢,且出现的主要是一些低振幅的声发射信号;而在峰值载荷附近,声发射事件数快速增长且开始有大量高振幅声发射信号出现。循环荷载作用下,粗集料水泥砂浆声发射呈现Felicit效应,而结构密实的活性粉末混凝土呈现Kaiser效应。     

Axial characterization of catalytic activity in close-coupled lightoff and underfloor catalytic converters

A exhaust system consisting of a close-coupled Pd technology 32 in³ lightoff converter and Pt/Rh technology 170 in³ underfloor converter was vehicle-aged for 56000 miles on a vehicle equipped with a 3.8 l engine. Following this aging, the converters were taken off the vehicle and cut into 1″ thick sections along their axis and characterized for lightoff and warmed-up activity using a laboratory reactor to simulate vehicle exhaust. Each section was also analyzed for the quantity of oil additive poisons (phosphorus and zinc) deposited. Following this initial characterization, the phosphorus and zinc deposits were removed, and the sections were characterized again for lightoff and warmed-up activity. This procedure was used to qualitatively determine the relative contribution of oil additive poisoning and thermal sintering to the total activity deterioration as a function of axial position in the catalyst monoliths.

Analysis of the lightoff converter as taken from the vehicle showed a dramatic axial gradient in the lean and stoichiometric lightoff and warmed-up (600°C) performance for HC, CO and NO_x, with most of the deterioration having taken place in the forward-most 1″ section of the converter, which was consistent with the gradient in the deposition of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in this converter. Comparison of these data sets with those obtained after removal of the P and Zn poisons indicates that most of the total deterioration of lean HC and CO activity can be attributed to P and Zn poisoning of the forwardmost 1″ section. When tested under stoichiometric conditions, most of the deterioration of HC activity is attributable to P and Zn poisoning, while most of the deterioration of CO and NO_x activity is attributable to thermal deterioration. A similar activity and poison deposition gradient was detected in the underfloor converter, but to a smaller extent.     

铬盐清洁生产中铬渣的综合利用

利用二氧化碳与液相氧化铬盐清洁生产工艺所产生的铬渣反应 ,得到碳酸氢镁溶液和富铁渣。碳酸氢镁溶液经加热分解得到轻质碳酸镁产品 ,富铁渣可以作为水泥行业原料铁精矿的替代品 ,最终实现了铬铁矿资源的充分利用和铬盐生产的零排放。     

Factors Influencing Movements of Two Migratory Fishes within the Tailrace of a Large Neotropical Dam and their Implications for Hydropower Impacts

Fish attempting to move upstream through hydroelectric dams can be trapped and killed in turbines. Understanding fish movement patterns can provide useful insights for how to manage dam operations to minimize fish kill in turbines. We evaluated the movements of two migratory fish (Curimba—Prochilodus argenteus and Mandi—Pimelodus maculatus ) using acoustic telemetry in the tailrace of Três Marias Dam (São Francisco River, Brazil) from 31 October 2011 to 16 February 2012. The majority of tagged fish left the tailrace in less than one week; however, some individuals returned, performing several visits to the tailrace. Mandi remained longer in the tailrace than Curimba. The number of visits was influenced by diel period, turbine and spillway discharge. Although the diel period was the only important contributor to the visits performed by Curimba, the movements of Mandi were significantly influenced by three factors. We found that whereas Curimba was predominantly diurnal, Mandi showed nocturnal habits. Additionally, visits of Mandi were significantly greater during higher turbine and spillway discharge. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding fish movements in the Três Marias Dam tailrace and their potential implications for adapting hydroelectric operations to minimize fish kills. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scientific basis for establishing country greenhouse gas estimates for rice-based agriculture: An Indian case study

A comprehensive scientific assessment of CH₄ budget estimation for Indian rice paddies, based on a decade of measurements in India, is presented. Indian paddy cultivation areas contain soils that have low to medium levels of soil organic carbon. The average seasonally integrated CH₄ flux (E _sif) values calculated from these measurements were 15.3 ± 2.6 g m^–2 for continuously flooded (CF), 6.9 ± 4.3 g m^–2 for intermittently flooded (IF) single aeration (SA) and 2.2 ± 1.5 g m^–2 for IF multiple aeration (MA) rice ecosystems. For CF and IF (MA) rice ecosystems having high soil organic carbon, without organic amendments, the CH₄ flux (E _sif) may be increased by 1.7 times relative to low soil organic carbon, whereas it may enhance by 5.3 for CF if amended organically. Organic amendment and high soil organic carbon paddy areas do not alter the methane budget estimates for India (3.6±1.4 TgY^–1) much, due to their small paddy harvested area. Methane estimated using average emission factors (E _sif) for all paddy water regimes, which include harvested areas having soils with high organic carbon and organic amendments, may give a budget of 5 TgY^–1 for India.     

Dis-Bond Detection and the Possibility of Interfacial Stiffness Measurement with Real-Time Impulsive Stimulated Thermal Scattering

We describe a new, real-time, noninvasive method for dis-bond (delamination) detection which is based on a technique known as impulsive stimulated thermal scattering (ISTS). We first explain the ISTS technique and compare data from polyimide films tightly bound to silicon substrates with data from unsupported polyimide films. The observed differences in the data from these two cases are readily understandable and offer an unmistakable signature for delaminations. We demonstrate ISTS dis-bond detection by locating and mapping out randomly-distributed and spatially-fine regions of delamination in a polyimide film-silicon substrate system. Finally, we present two simple physical models of the interfacial region which comprehensively describe acoustic data from the tightly-bound and the unsupported samples. With insight from simulations using these models, we suggest how ISTS might be used to determine interfacial adhesion quality and we show how ISTS sensitivity to interfacial effects can be adjusted.     

水声传感阵列指向性与系统传输性能研究

针对浅海水声通信中水汽界面和海底的反射产生多途效应对信号传输的影响,依据水下声传输原理,分析了水声信道中的噪声特点和产生多途效应机理,研究水声信道中声传感器指向性与传输性能关系,探讨水声传感阵列方式在水下通信环境的优势,设计合理的阵元间连接形式、阵列驱动电路和阻抗匹配电路,保证有效的功率耦合效率。经水下试验测试表明:采用一定指向性的声阵列结构,利用单个阵元波束宽度小于10°,构成阵列结构的波束宽度小于30°,并进行一定阻抗匹配,可减小能量损失,有效提高水声通信系统性能。     

基于超高温光谱的C/C材料烧蚀产物研究

用“星形”等离子发生器及国产的等离子体火炬进行了炭基复合材料烧蚀实验，采用实验中光谱检测对烧蚀产物进行了分析。经分析发现：在“星形”等离子发生器产生的3500K以下烧蚀环境的光谱中，产物以CO为主，而在国产的等离子体火炬产生的5500K以上烧蚀环境的光谱中，产物以CN、C2、C1和CO为主。光谱检测结果与热化学烧蚀计算的产物吻合得很好，验证了热化学计算的正确性。     

均匀橡胶弹性体隔声量的理论计算

由于材料在水声介质中的隔声性能的测试方法和测试设备较复杂，目前还没有在水声介质中的隔声量的标准测试方法。笔者从理论上研究了材料在水声介质中的隔声性能(隔声量)的计算方法，利用该方法计算了所合成的材料在不同厚度下的隔声量。计算结果表明：随着厚度的增加，材料的隔声量增加，但在低频下，当厚度增加到40mm以后，隔声量随厚度的增加而变化得很缓慢，在低频下不符合厚度每增加一倍，隔声量增加6dB这一规律。     

In-situ studies of electron field emission of single carbon nanotubes inside the TEM

Electron field emission characteristics of individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in situ inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM). For a single MWCNT it was found that while field-emission can hardly occur from the side of the nanotube, a curved nanotube may result in finite side emission and the best emission geometry is the top emission geometry. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements made at different vacuum conditions and voltage sweeps emphasize the importance of the adsorbates on the electron field emission of MWCNTs. For a contaminated MWCNT, although the field emission current was reduced, the stability of its emission was improved. A current of up to several tens of μA was observed for a single MWCNT, but it was found that long time emission usually results in drastic structure damage that may lead to sudden emission failure.