Age effects on social cognition: Faces tell a different story.

The authors administered social cognition tasks to younger and older adults to investigate age-related differences in social and emotional processing. Although slower, older adults were as accurate as younger adults in identifying the emotional valence (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral) of facial expressions. However, the age difference in reaction time was largest for negative faces. Older adults were significantly less accurate at identifying specific facial expressions of fear and sadness. No age differences specific to social function were found on tasks of self-reference, identifying emotional words, or theory of mind. Performance on the social tasks in older adults was independent of performance on general cognitive tasks (e.g., working memory) but was related to personality traits and emotional awareness. Older adults also showed more intercorrelations among the social tasks than did the younger adults. These findings suggest that age differences in social cognition are limited to the processing of facial emotion. Nevertheless, with age there appears to be increasing reliance on a common resource to perform social tasks, but one that is not shared with other cognitive domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age and individual differences in prospective memory during a "Virtual Week": The roles of working memory, vigilance, task regularity, and cue focality.

Young (ages 18–22 years) and older (ages 61–87 years) adults (N = 106) played the Virtual Week board game, which involves simulating common prospective memory (PM) tasks of everyday life (e.g., taking medication), and performed working memory (WM) and vigilance tasks. The Virtual Week game includes regular (repeated) and irregular (nonrepeated) PM tasks with cues that are either more or less focal to other ongoing activities. Age differences in PM were reduced for repeated tasks, and performance improved over the course of the week, suggesting retrieval was more spontaneous or habitual. Correlations with WM within each age group were reduced for PM tasks that had more regular or focal cues. WM (but not vigilance) ability was a strong predictor of irregular PM tasks with less focal cues. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that habitual and focally cued PM tasks are less demanding of attentional resources (specifically, WM), whereas tasks that are more demanding of controlled attentional processes produce larger age differences, which may be attributable to individual differences in WM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

电感耦合等离子体质谱测定铀样品年龄方法研究

铀样品年龄与生产时间密切相关,是核法证学调查核材料来源属性的一个重要参数。本文研究建立了利用²³⁰Th/²³⁴U原子数比测定铀样品年龄的分析方法。分别用²²⁹Th和²³³U稀释剂进行铀样品同位素稀释,利用TEVA树脂对样品中的铀和钍进行分离处理,用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱测量²²⁹Th/²³⁰Th和²³³U/²³⁴U原子数比,根据铀年龄计算公式通过²³⁰Th/²³⁴U原子数比可得到样品的铀年龄。采用该方法对CRM U850和U010标准样品进行了年龄测定,结果与美国劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的测量结果一致,但较实际年龄偏大,可能是由于生产时纯化过程不完全,导致有残留的²³⁰Th在样品中。本文所建立的方法可用于铀样品²³⁰Th-²³⁴U模型年龄的测定,为核法证学调查提供重要信息。     

电力系统电压失稳及其预防对策

电压稳定性的研究对于电力系统的正常运行非常重要。本文分析了电力系统电压失稳的静态机理和动态机理,在此基础上讨论了防止电压失稳的措施与对策。     

掺合料与减缩剂对混凝土早期收缩的影响

目的 研究减水剂、矿粉、粉煤灰和减缩剂对混凝土早期收缩的影响及其作用机理，以期降低混凝土早期收缩和控制早期收缩裂缝．方法 采用自行设计的混凝土早期收缩测试装置，用位移传感器测量从初凝开始的早期收缩，试验研究了12组不同配合比的混凝土早期收缩．结果 单掺减水剂使混凝土早期收缩增大4倍左右．掺减水剂并保住水胶比不变时，粉煤灰和矿粉等量取代水泥10％～50％，混凝土早期收缩率分别下降8％～20％和5％～15％．减缩剂使混凝土早期收缩减小45％以上．结论 减水剂极大地增加混凝土早期收缩．粉煤灰和矿粉等量取代水泥，均能降低混凝土早期收缩．减缩剂与减水剂、矿粉和粉煤灰相容性好，并能有效减小早期收缩，是控制混凝土早期收缩裂缝的有效措施之一．     

黄土状水泥土抗剪强度特性研究

为了探索水泥土加固技术对黄土地区的适宜性及可靠性,通过室内试验,对西北地区黄土中添加一定量水泥使其形成黄土状水泥土,研究黄土状水泥土含水量、掺入比、龄期等因素对其力学特性的影响.研究表明,黄土中掺入水泥搅拌后,土的性质得到改善,降低了土的含水量,提高了土的密实度及土的强度;同时,表明黄土状水泥土的水泥掺入比较大时,水泥土的强度随初始含水量增大而增大,但水泥掺入比较小时,只有在某一最优含水量下黄土状水泥土的强度可达到最大值.     

铝合金时效成形及时效成形铝合金

介绍了铝合金时效成形的方法、基本原理、工艺特点及应用情况,概括了国外研究铝合金时效成形工艺及相关可时效成形铝合金的现状,重点阐述了时效成形对铝合金微观组织结构的影响.     

信息时代数字取证面临的挑战及相关对策

文章分析了信息时代数字取证技术的研究和应用所面临的六方面的挑战,提出了完善数字取证相关法律法规,推进取证规范化建设,推广动态取证技术,加强数字取证的专业化分工和研发新的取证技术、工具五个方面措施。     

养护环境对混凝土限制收缩开裂影响研究

在高海拔极端环境下,混凝土浇筑和养护过程中易出现裂缝,影响结构的工程质量和安全运行。通过圆环法混凝土限制收缩开裂试验,研究了不同温度(-5、10、25、40℃)、湿度(50%、65%、80%)对混凝土早龄期受限收缩开裂的影响,揭示了早龄期混凝土开裂的机理。结果表明：早龄期混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量随养护温度和湿度的提高而增大,抗压强度随龄期的增长比弹性模量随龄期的增长更加明显;养护温度的降低或养护湿度的增大会减轻混凝土的干燥收缩以及自收缩作用,从而减小混凝土的内部应力,提高其抗开裂能力;提出了混凝土早龄期限制收缩开裂的预测模型,可准确预测混凝土早龄期限制收缩开裂时间。研究成果为混凝土开裂控制技术提供了基础数据支撑。     

基于块分类的自适应图象水印算法

提出了一个基于频域块分类的ＤＣＴ域自适应水印算法。为了实现自适应,将原始图象分块并利用视觉掩蔽特性对图象块进行分类。根据分类的结果,不同强度的水印分量被嵌入到图图象块的ＤＣＴ低频系数中,实验结果表明,应用所提出的算法实现的水印对常见图象处理和噪声干扰具有良好的稳健性。