柘林水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响

为探究水源水库污染物来源及水质变化规律,以九江市水源地柘林水库为研究对象,于2013年4月—2014年4月逐月对柘林水库进行水质监测.现场测定水温、溶解氧等指标,分层取样测定水体CODMn、TOC、TN、TP、Fe、Mn等水质指标.结果表明,柘林水库主要污染物来源为上游来水,其对CODMn、TN、TP贡献率分别达88.3%、76.2%和67.6%.在水体稳定分层期,底部水体CODMn、TOC、TN、TP、Fe、Mn质量浓度分别升高至3.8、2.4、1.12、0.14、0.42和0.34 mg/L;藻类计数及藻种鉴定结果表明,此时期主库区最大藻密度达2.25×106L-1,以绿藻为主.水体混合后出现Mn质量浓度超标问题,达0.16 mg/L.     

天然藻类对废水中 COD 的去除效率研究

目前废水中COD的处理问题是我国乃至世界各国普遍关注的问题,找到一种操作简单、成本低且效果好的处理方法是解决问题的关键所在。利用天然藻类中绿藻、硅藻处理不同类型废水,以COD作为检测指标。结果表明,绿藻对废水中COD的去除率最高。同时探讨了不同初始浓度的COD、不同种类废水中COD的去除效率。     

改性钢渣除藻效果研究

对改性钢渣在机械搅拌条件下的除藻效果进行了研究,并分析了改性钢渣预处理与混凝联用工艺对藻类的去除效果和协同作用.实验表明,钢渣经改性后,既能有效地去除水中的藻类,又能降低藻的光合活性,抑制藻的生长;高温活化改性钢渣预处理与混凝联用工艺对藻类有很好的去除效果,其对叶绿素a的平均去除率达91.4％,远高于单纯的钢渣预处理和混凝工艺.这暗示了两者之间在除藻方面存在协同作用.     

CO2 process intensification of algae oil extraction to biodiesel

Algae-to-biodiesel processes are hindered by high costs and low energy return on investment.^1,2. Herein, three foci in research improve algae-to-biodiesel processes by: (1) reducing high installation and energy costs in the CO₂ sequestration, cultivation, and harvesting stages; (2) improving oil extraction and biodiesel generation; and (3) increasing utilization of the proteins in lipid-extracted biomass (e.g., for animal feed), as well as the omega-3 fatty acids for nutraceuticals and food supplements. A process is introduced that uses carbon dioxide to aid in all three of these foci. CO₂ is used first in the form of microbubbles to lyse algae cell walls, releasing triglyceride oils. CO₂ also aids with transesterification of these triglycerides using methanol. At low temperatures (353.15–368.15 K) and intermediate pressures (5–10 MMPa), carbon dioxide causes methanol to dissolve partially in the triglyceride phase and triglyceride to dissolve partially in the methanol phase, increasing the transesterification reaction rate. Due to the nondestructive nature of these processes, other metabolites can also be harvested providing improvements in both mass and economic efficiency with an overall sharp reduction in the modeled price of biodiesel.     

Fat Bloom Caused by Partial De-Oiling on Chocolate Surfaces after High-Temperature Exposure

Fat bloom in chocolate is a substantial problem that affects its sensory properties, such as texture and appearance. This phenomenon is because of diffuse light reflection on a roughened surface of chocolate, caused by structural changes of fat crystals subjected to various temperature conditions. The purpose of this study is to characterize the fat bloom formed through gradual two-step cooling after exposure to temperatures (35–37 °C) slightly above the cocoa butter Form βV melting point (33.8 °C). To clarify the fat bloom formation process, the structural changes in cocoa butter and on the chocolate surface, at the dynamic thermal condition for bloom formation, was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that an entirely light brown fat bloom occurred, even in the absence of the Form βVI or other polymorphic transformation. Microscopic observation showed that the light brown appearance was because of the porous structure on the chocolate surface. This porous structure was formed by liquid oil moving inside of chocolate from the surface. The formation of a coarse network and the subsequent de-oiling, because of movement of unsolidified liquid fat into the chocolate, appeared to be the main causes of bloom formation. Therefore, a coarsened fat network and oil movement besides the conventional principles of polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter should be considered.     

Influence of different reactor types on Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae culture for lipids and fatty acid production

Greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels cause global warming. One option is obtaining biodiesel. Nannochloropsis oculata was cultured under different light intensities and reactors at 25°C for 21 days with f/2 medium to assess their effects on cell density, lipid, and fatty acids (FAs). N. oculata improved cell density on fed-batch glass tubular reactor (7 L) at 200 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹, yielding 3.5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, followed by fed-batch Erlenmeyer flask (1 L) at 650 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹ with 1.7 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹. The highest total lipid contents (% g lipid × g dry biomass⁻¹) were 44.4 ± 0.8% for the reactor (1 L) at 650 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹ and 35.2 ± 0.2% for the tubular reactor (7 L) at 200 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹, until twice as high compared with the control culture (Erlenmeyer flask 1 L, 80 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹) with 21.2 ± 1%. Comparing the total lipid content at 200 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹, tubular reactor (7 L) and reactor 1 L achieved 35.2 ± 0.2% and 28.3 ± 1%, respectively, indicating the effect of shape reactor. The FAs were affected by high light intensity, decreasing SFAs to 2.5%, and increased monounsaturated fatty acids + polyunsaturated fatty acids to 2.5%. PUFAs (20:5n-3) and (20:4n-3) were affected by reactor shape, decreasing by half in the tubular reactor. In the best culture, fed-batch tubular reactor (7 L) at 200 μmol E m⁻² s⁻¹ contains major FAs (16:0; 38.06 ± 0.16%), (16:1n-7; 30.74 ± 0.58%), and (18:1n-9; 17.15 ± 0.91%).     

连铸管坯裂纹在加热穿孔过程中的变化

研究了连铸管坯表面不同深度裂纹在加热穿孔过程中的变化。结果表明，在连铸管坯内部质量良好时，剥皮能显著改善穿孔毛管表面质量；加热穿孔可以消除或减少管坯表面的微裂纹；管坯表面较深的裂纹穿孔后将在毛管表面以外折的形式出现。     

圆坯方坯凝固定律的导出和验证

经典的凝固平方根定律一般不适合于描述圆坯和方坯的连铸凝壳长大过程，本文推导了圆坯凝壳长大的圆坯凝固方程，k^2t=r^2(1nr/r0-1/2) r0^2/2．圆坯凝固方程也适用于方坯凝壳长大过程，可称为圆方坯凝固定律．经实测数据验证，圆方坯凝固定律能够较准确地表达连铸坯凝固过程．     

连铸大方坯凝固传热过程的数值模拟

基于凝固传热学基本理论,建立了大方坯凝固传热数学模型。该模型根据糊状区溶质传输和反扩散理论,基于变热物性参数,采用钢中多组元成分的百分含量计算液、固相线温度。以实际铸坯为对象,以二冷区铸坯表面实际水流密度分布和辊子接触传热为边界条件,充分考虑二冷区的四种不同的换热状况,研究连铸大方坯三维温度场。计算结果与实测温度吻合。     

膜组合工艺应对藻类暴发的能力研究

藻类暴发严重威胁饮用水水质以及供给。试验采用投加混凝剂、粉末活性炭和高锰酸钾作为微滤膜预处理的膜组合工艺,考察应对藻类暴发的能力。研究表明,藻类暴发会引起有机物含量的增加,主要是小分子(相对分子质量低于1 000)的中性亲水组分的大量增加,这类有机物可通过预处理得到有效的去除,因而没有发现藻类暴发会对膜过滤产生严重的影响,粉末活性炭和高锰酸钾可有效延长膜过滤周期。导致膜不可逆污染的有机物主要为中等分子的强疏水和中小分子的中性亲水组分。