工艺参数对钼-铌合金单晶制备的影响

主要讨论了熔炼室真空度,钼-铌合金原料棒化学成分和尺寸规格,熔炼速度,搅拌速度等对单晶制备的影响。试验结果表明,熔炼室残余压力值低于3.0×10-2Pa时,区熔过程能稳定制备出钼-铌合金单晶。高温真空烧结钼-铌合金烧结条由于C、O等杂质含量过高,区域熔炼时放气严重,极大地破坏了熔炼室高真空而未能直接生长制备出单晶,但经两次电子束熔炼获得的Ф12mm￣Ф17mm原料棒C含量降为63×10-6,O含量仅为14×10-6,区熔时熔炼室真空度较高,能稳定地生长制备出Ф31mm×735mm的大尺寸钼-铌合金单晶,而直径超过Ф18mm或小于Ф11mm原料棒则未能获得钼-铌合金单晶。此外,熔炼速度和搅拌速度也是非常关键的工艺参数。本试验得出,原料棒在熔炼速度为0.4￣4.0mm/min,搅拌速度为1.0～20r/min的条件下能稳定制备出高质量钼-铌合金单晶。     

CA6140车床数控改造中机械装置设计技巧

介绍了普通车床数控改造中机械装置的几个独特设计，使得数控车床纵向进给系统结构更简单、性能更可靠、装拆更方便。     

等离子表面淬火相变硬化带的预测及影响因素

提出了等离子对金属材料表面淬火处理的温度场计算及快速确定铁基材料表面硬化带尺寸的方法。分析了等离子表面淬火过程中一些重要参数与淬硬深度的关系，通过45钢的淬火硬化试验，验证了该方法的正确性和实用性。     

环形件惯性摩擦焊接过程塑性区演化的数值模拟研究

基于弹塑性有限元理论,采用特殊的摩擦模型描述工件的摩擦行为,建立了GH4169环形件惯性摩擦焊接过程的热力耦合模型。计算并分析了惯性摩擦焊接过程中接头塑性区的分布、扩展规律及其与工件轴向缩短的关系,并计算了塑性区金属塑性变形速率的分布和变化情况。对摩擦焊接过程中塑性区的分布规律做了定性的实验验证,塑性区分布的计算结果和实验结果吻合较好。     

Combined Effects of Reservoir Operations and Climate Warming on the Flow Regime of Hydropower Bypass Reaches of California's Sierra Nevada

Alterations to flow regimes from regulation and climatic change both affect the biophysical functioning of rivers over long time periods and large spatial areas. Historically, however, the effects of these flow alteration drivers have been studied separately. In this study, results from unregulated and regulated river management models were assessed to understand how flow regime alterations from river regulation differ under future climate conditions in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Four representative flow alteration metrics—mean annual flow, low flow duration, centroid timing and mean weekly rate of decrease—were calculated and statistically characterized under historical and future unregulated and regulated conditions over a 20‐year period at each of the eight regulated river locations below dams across the Sierra Nevada. Future climatic conditions were represented by assuming an increase in air temperature of 6 °C above historical (1981–2000) air temperatures, with no change in other meteorological conditions. Results indicate that climate warming will measurably alter some aspects of the flow regime. By comparison, however, river regulation with business‐as‐usual operations will alter flow regimes much more than climate warming. Existing reservoirs can possibly be used to dampen the anticipated effects of climate warming through improved operations, though additional research is needed to identify the full suite of such possibilities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于随机水质模型的水功能区COD超标风险分析

由于水环境系统中存在诸多不确定因素,建立在物理简化基础上的确定性水质模型并不能反映水质变化过程的不确定性。为了弥补确定性水质模型的局限性,本文根据随机微分方程理论,假设水质模型中的耗氧系数、沉降系数、复氧系数服从双侧截尾正态分布,建立了考虑随机效应的水质模型。将模型应用于COD超标风险分析,分别计算了不同水文、水质条件下COD浓度的概率分布。结果表明:当三道营来水COD浓度为16、17、18 mg/L时,超标概率为分别在0.3、0.6、0.8左右。     

足球机器人守门员防守策略研究

分析了足球机器人比赛中防守特点,提出了一种根据区域划分的防守策略算法。分析了可能遇到的几种情况,针对不同的现场局面形式,给出不同的防守策略。     

600 MW亚临界机组T91钢焊接接头失效分析

某电厂600 MW亚临界机组过热器管T91焊接接头泄漏,通过对开裂部位进行一系列试验分析,结果表明,该过热器管焊接工艺执行不严格,使焊缝和热影响区产生粗大淬硬马氏体组织,在多处应力作用下产生热影响区冷裂纹,扩展形成宏观开裂失效。     

A modified dynamic surface approach for control of nonlinear systems with unknown input dead zone

This paper focuses on the robust output precise tracking control problem of uncertain nonlinear systems in pure‐feedback form with unknown input dead zone. By designing an extended state observer, the states unmeasurable problem in traditional feedback control is solved, and the lumped uncertainty, which is caused by system unknown functions and input dead zone, is estimated. In order to apply separation principle, finite‐time extended state observer is designed to obtain system states and estimate the lumped uncertainty. Then, by introducing tracking differentiator, a modified dynamic surface control approach is developed to eliminate the ‘explosion of complexity’ problem and guarantee the tracking performance of system output. Because tracking differentiator is a fast precise signal filter, the closed‐loop control performance is significantly improved when it is used in dynamic surface control instead of first‐order filters. The L _∞ stability of the whole closed‐loop system, which guarantees both the transient and steady‐state performance, is shown by the Lyapunov method and initialization technique. Numerical and experiment examples are performed to illustrate our proposed control scheme with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抓住机遇迎接挑战 为保护美丽长江再谱新篇

当前长江流域水资源保护面临难得的机遇,如何推进长江水生态文明建设,打造水清地绿天蓝的生态廊道是长江水资源保护工作的重大课题。通过对长江水资源保护问题的梳理,规划了今后一段时期的总体构想,从规划体系、水功能区监管、水生态保护、应急管理和监测监控等5个方面探讨了下一步的工作重点;提出了长江干流、主要支流、三峡、丹江口和长江口以及重点湖泊的保护措施;通过健全法规体系、创新管理机制、强化能力建设等,以逐步提升长江水资源保护能力、健全长江水资源保护管理体系,为保护美丽长江再谱新篇。