木质填料床A/O系统处理低C/N比养猪废水的效能与脱氮机制

针对干清粪式养猪废水 浓度高和低C/N比的特点构建了四格室木质填料床A/O处理系统,通过调控运行探讨其除氮效能和机制。结果表明,在HRT 18.7 h、32℃、硝化液回流比200%、好氧区DO 1.5 mg·L^-1等条件下,即便进水 高达307.7 mg·L^-1,COD/TN平均为0.47,系统对COD、 和TN的去除率仍能维持在66.5%、93.6%和89.0%左右,TN去除负荷达到0.22 kg·m^-3·d^-1以上。系统对COD和TN的去除表现出一定的空间分区特征,其中前三厌氧格室是去除COD主要功能区,末端好氧格室是脱氮功能区。系统的脱氮机制以短程硝化反硝化为主,枯木填料的腐解为反硝化提供了必要的碳源。     

Effect of digested sewage sludge on the efficiency of N-fertilizer applied to barley

Enhanced microbial activity following sewage sludge land application may affect soil N cycling and, therefore, plant available N. We studied the effect of anaerobically treated sewage sludge on N-fertilizer efficiency and on some aspects of the soil N cycling. Field plots (3 m × 9 m) sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in November were amended with a) sludge (80 mg ha-¹) and ammonium nitrate (150 kg N ha-¹), b) ammonium nitrate (150 kg ha-¹) only, c) or left unamended. Monthly soil samples were taken from 0 to 20-and 20 to 50-cm depths to determine soil inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺, NO₃-). Denitrification in the upper 20-cm horizon was estimated by measuring N₂O+N₂ emission from undisturbed soil samples by the acetylene-inhibition technique. Crop yield parameters were analysed before harvesting, and grain production was recorded. With respect to the control, the yield increase for the N-fertilizer treatment was 85% and 45% for the sludge + N-fertilizer treatment. The decrease of N-fertilizer efficiency in sludge amended plots was presumably due to a decrease in spring plant available N. Presumably, microbial immobilisation and denitrification in organic amended treatments were responsible for the decrease in N-fertilizer efficiency. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

5%涕灭威颗粒剂的研制

以３０％涕灭威原液、素颗粒、石蜡、活性炭粉为原料，采用挤出－吸附－包衣工艺，制得了５％涕灭威颗粒剂，确定了最佳工艺条件。     

Effect of Low Temperatures on the Performance of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)

The effect of a decrease in operating temperature on the performance of two 10 dm³ anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR) was examined in terms of steady state chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. To minimise variations, and have a totally biodegradable feed, a synthetic carbohydrate (sucrose)–protein (meat extract) substrate was used. The reactors were operated at 20 h hydraulic retention time (HRT), 4 g dm⁻³ COD, and 35°C as a base-line condition. Because of their different histories, the reactors responded differently to a decrease in operating temperature to 25°C. Reactor 1 remained stable at 97% COD removal, whereas Reactor 2 decreased to 93% removal, but rose to 97% after adding an effluent recycle of 0·25. At 15°C, the efficiency of Reactor 1 dropped to 75%, while the removal of Reactor 2 declined to 83%, and no improvement in efficiency occurred with an effluent recycle at 0·25. At 25°C, the decreased rate of catabolism of the slow-growing syntrophs and methanogens resulted in a shift of the volatile fatty acids (VFA) peak to the second compartment. However, the biomass present in the reactor prevented VFAs breaking through in the effluent. Nevertheless, at 15°C VFAs were present in the effluent, perhaps due to the lower rates of metabolism and an increase in the K_s for VFAs. Finally, at 15°C part of the increase in the effluent COD was due to the enhanced production of soluble microbial products (SMP), or a decrease in their metabolism, with these compounds constituting some 10% of the inlet COD. © 1997 SCI.     

CSTR和ACR丁酸型发酵制氢系统的运行特性比较

为寻求更好的连续流发酵生物制氢反应器模式,以稀释糖蜜为底物,控制反应系统为丁酸型发酵,比较研究了搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）和厌氧接触式反应器（ACR）的启动运行特性。结果表明,以经曝气培养的下水道污泥为接种物,在接种量4.8 g MLVSS·L^-1、进水COD 5000 mg·L^-1、HRT 12 h、温度（35±1）℃和pH 5.5～6.0等相同条件下,CSTR系统可以更快地达到稳定的丁酸型发酵状态,而ACR系统因其有效的生物持有能力而在产氢性能方面更具优势。在稳定运行状态下,ACR系统的底物酸化率、产氢速率和污泥的比产氢速率分别为44%、9 L·d^-1和0.15 L·(g MLVSS·d)^-1,分别是CSTR系统的1.62、2.05和1.15倍。     

微波-活性炭体系脱色处理印染废水的实验研究

以微波作为热源,颗粒活性炭为催化剂,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、微波辐射时间、pH值等因素对模拟混合染色废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,当微波功率为700 W,活性炭用量为5 g,辐射时间为6 min,pH为3.0时,模拟混合染色废水脱色率达到73.6%。在模拟混合染色废水得到的最佳工艺条件下,微波诱导催化技术用于实际印染车间染色废水,脱色率虽没有模拟混合染色废水效果好,但仍能达到62.1%。微波诱导氧化、活性炭吸附和单纯微波辐射三种不同工艺的对比实验表明,微波诱导氧化工艺具有明显的优越性,且不会对环境造成二次污染。     

污泥热水解处理技术研究进展

活性污泥法的广泛应用于市政和工业废水处理,剩余污泥的处理成为污水处理厂面临的一个严峻问题,而且处置成本已占污水处理总成本的50%～60%。本文着重阐述热预处理剩余污泥以提高污泥脱水性和污泥的消化性能,以及对商业上应用的主要污泥热水解过程(Porteous,Zimpro和Cambi)及污泥热处理最优条件进行介绍。     

城市污泥处理现状的尴尬及其出路的探讨

随着我国日益增加的污泥量及人们对生活环境要求的不断提高,污泥处理面临越来越大的压力。通过对城市污泥处理现状出现的各种弊端分析,对现今各种污泥处理方法进行比较,提出污泥处理可以利用合理的土地利用、建材利用及污泥减量化技术寻求可持续发展出路的建议。     

王水微波消解测定污水处理厂污泥中重金属

介绍了王水微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定污水处理厂污泥中六种金属元素(Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd)的一种方法。利用该方法对标准土壤样品进行了测定分析,回收率为86%～103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%～6.7%,结果表明,该方法简便、快速、实用,具有较好的精密度和准确度。同时,该方法在青浦区六家污水处理厂污泥中重金属含量检测分析中也取得了良好的应用,得到了令人满意的结果。     

ABR对酱油废水脱色处理的试验研究

针对酱油废水组分复杂、色度较高的特点,在(35±1)℃下,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)对酱油废水进行了处理试验,研究了该反应器处理酱油废水的脱色效果和运行特性。结果表明:当色度由150倍逐步增至750倍,COD由500 mg/L逐步增至6 500 mg/L时,色度去除率均在30%以上,最高可达50.2%,各格室色度沿程呈递减趋势;COD去除率维持在91.0%～95.1%。在COD去除率一定的情况下,当HRT为20 h时,色度去除率最高,为47.5%。