Computations of Explosive Boiling in Microgravity

Dynamics of the explosive growth of a vapor bubble in microgravity is investigated by direct numerical simulation. A front tracking/finite difference technique is used to solve for the velocity and the temperature field in both phases and to account for inertia, viscosity, and surface deformation. The method is validated by comparison of the numerical results with the available analytical formulations such as the evaporation of a one-dimensional liquid/vapor interface, frequency of oscillations of capillary waves, and other numerical results. Evolution of a three-dimensional vapor nucleus during explosive boiling is followed and a fine scale structure similar to experimental results is observed. Two-dimensional simulations yield a similar qualitative instability growth.     

Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes.

In a change detection paradigm, a target object in a natural scene either rotated in depth, was replaced by another object token, or remained the same. Change detection performance was reliably higher when a target postcue allowed participants to restrict retrieval and comparison processes to the target object (Experiment 1). Change detection performance remained excellent when the target object was not attended at change (Experiment 2) and when a concurrent verbal working memory load minimized the possibility of verbal encoding. (Experiment 3). Together, these data demonstrate that visual representations accumulate in memory from attended objects as the eyes and attention are oriented within a scene and that change blindness derives, at least in part, from retrieval and comparison failure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

水土保持工程施工阶段的设计变更

通过对水土保持工程施工阶段设计变更原因的分析，指出水土保持生态工程施工阶段变更的必要性和建设、监理单位对变更管理的重要性。通过对变更设计的程序和原则进行的分析，阐述了变更设计涉及的几个主要问题。     

从76届SEG年会看综合物化探技术的发展方向

文中在介绍76届SEG年会的展商、展台及会场专题报告与论文发布情况的基础上，阐述了参加本届SEG年会的体会，指出了重磁电技术发展的四个趋势：向海洋勘探技术方向发展、向复杂区综合勘探技术方向发展、向三维联合处理和三维可视化解释技术发展、向直接圈定和检测油气方向发展。     

调节对象参数和运动特性随工况变化的分析

水轮机调节对象的许多参数都是随运行工况变化的。以调节对象线性化模型为基础，从1个实例计算人手，计算了不同工况下水轮机传递系数和发电机6个参数的变化情况，进而计算这些参数变化对捌节对象特征根的影响。通过汁算表明，其水力振荡衰减速度与出力有关．而系统的其他运动特性随工况变化较小。     

Energetics of Plastic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

The change in the internal energy during uniaxial tensile deformation of austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) was determined by measuring the extent of γ→α'‐martensite transformation and the temperature increase of the samples. From the results the fraction of the stored energy of cold work and the free energy change related to the strain‐induced γ→α'‐martensite transformation were determined. The fraction of stored energy varied around 0.4. With the metastable steel grades the free energy change related to the γ→α'‐martensite transformation was found to vary between ‐98 MJ/m³ and ‐206 MJ/m³ depending on the austenite stability of the steel. Furthermore, the magnitude of the mechanical driving force was estimated by comparing the results with the free energy change of thermally induced transformation.     

Phase-change thermal energy storage using spherical capsules: performance of a test plant

The aim of this paper is the study of an industrial process of energy storage usable for air conditioning or refrigeration, investigating a test plant which is a tank with a reduced size, filled with randomly dispersed commercial nodules, placed in a refrigeration loop. The nodules are spherical capsules in which phase change materials (PCM) are encapsulated. This test plant permits the study at length of the behaviour of the tank with, in particular, the charge mode taking into account the undercooling and the discharge mode. A simulation program that considers aspects of both the surrounding heat transfer fluid and the phase-change material packed inside the nodules is developed here in the cases of the charge and the discharge processes. The simulation results are then compared with experimental observations.     

Using airborne laser scanning to monitor tree migration in the boreal-alpine transition zone

The boreal tree line is expected to advance upwards into the mountains and northwards into the tundra due to global warming. The major objective of this study was to find out if it is possible to use high-resolution airborne laser scanner data to detect very small trees — the pioneers that are pushing the tree line up into the mountains and out onto the tundra. The study was conducted in a sub-alpine/alpine environment in southeast Norway. A total of 342 small trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and downy birch with tree heights ranging from 0.11 to 5.20 m were precisely georeferenced and measured in field. Laser data were collected with a pulse density of 7.7 m^− 2. Three different terrain models were used to process the airborne laser point cloud in order to assess the effects of different pre-processing parameters on small tree detection. Greater than 91% of all trees > 1 m tall registered positive laser height values regardless of terrain model. For smaller trees (< 1 m), positive height values were found in 5-73% of the cases, depending on the terrain model considered. For this group of trees, the highest rate of trees with positive height values was found for spruce. The more smoothed the terrain model was, the larger the portion of the trees that had positive laser height values. The accuracy of tree height derived from the laser data indicated a systematic underestimation of true tree height by 0.40 to 1.01 m. The standard deviation for the differences between laser-derived and field-measured tree heights was 0.11-0.73 m. Commission errors, i.e., the detection of terrain objects — rocks, hummocks — as trees, increased significantly as terrain smoothing increased. Thus, if no classification of objects into classes like small trees and terrain objects is possible, many non-tree objects with a positive height value cannot be separated from those actually being trees. In a monitoring context, i.e., repeated measurements over time, we argue that most other objects like terrain structures, rocks, and hummocks will remain stable over time while the trees will change as they grow and new trees are established. Thus, this study indicates that, given a high laser pulse density and a certain density of newly established trees, it would be possible to detect a sufficient portion of newly established trees over a 10 years period to claim that tree migration is taking place.     

相变存储器存储单元瞬态电流测量

介绍了相变存储单元瞬态电流的测量方法。根据相变存储器的工作特性,利用微弱电流取样电阻测量法,合理选择测量参数测得了相变存储单元的瞬态电流,电阻与电流关系特性曲线和动态电阻。并根据测量电路等效电路模型分析影响测量的因素,估算出电路中的分布电容。     

河道生态基流生态经济价值及其时间变化研究

为了解决普遍采用单方水资源价值计算河道生态基流价值的缺陷,以及探索河道生态基流价值定量化计算新方法,采用水力学方法将河道生态基流从径流量中分离出来,并确定河道生态基流对应水面面积,进而采用当量因子法计算河道生态基流价值和并探索分析了河道生态基流价值的时间变化特征。以渭河干流宝鸡段为例进行研究,结果表明:渭河干流宝鸡段的丰水年、平水年以及枯水年的年平均河道生态基流量分别为5.82 m~3/s、3.59 m~3/s和2.76 m~3/s。近21 a来,该段河道生态基流价值在时间上总体呈下降趋势,该价值多年平均值为5.61亿元,单方河道生态基流价值为6.27元/m~3,单方价值与价值总量变化趋势相反。河道生态基流价值年内变化具有明显的周期性,总体呈倒"V"字型,汛期河道生态基流价值比非汛期大,单方河道生态基流价值与之相反。通过相同区域以及相近区域的河道生态基流价值研究成果以及价值变化特征的对比分析,证明研究成果较为合理。该方法可为河道生态基流合理保障提供定量化依据。