SRM融雪径流模型在疏勒河流域上游的应用

疏勒河是西北典型的干旱区内陆河流域,其冰雪融水是春季径流补给的重要来源之一。本文结合MODIS积雪产品MOD10A2、DEM数据和气象台站数据,构建了疏勒河流域上游SRM融雪径流模型,模拟结果的拟合优度确定系数Nash-Sutcliffe系数R2=0.834和体积差DV=1.63%。结果表明:该模型能基本上把握疏勒河流域融雪径流的趋势,达到了较好的模拟效果,可用于该流域春季径流的预测,为预防春季融雪型洪水灾害和减轻春季旱情提供了基础。     

近40年可鲁克湖-托素湖面积变化及影响因素分析

以位于青海省德令哈市境内的可鲁克湖-托素湖为研究对象,利用美国地质调查局自1973年-2013年的多年遥感影像,运用目视解译和改进的归一化差异水体指数方法提取可鲁克湖和托素湖的面积值,分析其变化特征,结合德令哈市的降水、气温、蒸发、径流、农业灌溉耗水资料,对影响湖泊面积变化的因素进行初步探讨。结果表明,可鲁克湖的面积大致保持不变,托素湖的面积自1973年以来呈现先减小又增大的趋势,降水量呈增加趋势,可以认为湖泊面积变化受降水的影响较小,可鲁克湖的面积主要受蒸发、气温和上游巴音河径流量的影响,但其影响存在明显的滞后性。上游农业耗水量是间接影响托素湖面积变化的主要因素,气温的变化通过影响蒸发量和上游冰雪融水间接影响托素湖的面积。     

改进的BP网络模型及其在日径流预测中的应用

尝试了基于MATLAB6.5的人工神经网络工具箱在水文日径流预测中的应用,并采用贝叶斯正则化方法改进BP网络算法,从而提高了BP网络的推广能力。将该模型应用于大渡河流域日径流的预测,取得了较好的预测效果。     

奥林匹克公园中心区雨洪利用成套技术集成

针对北京奥林匹克公园中心区内硬化铺装、绿地、树阵、下沉广场、市政道路和奥运中心区环境建设的特点,研究出满足部分公共设施和景观用水需求、经济适用的雨洪控制和利用技术.通过雨洪综合利用成套技术与集成之间的联系,研制出一套完整的雨水渗滤、净化系统.     

赣南红壤坡面不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出试验研究

选择赣南于都县左马小流域的典型红壤坡面,通过在研究区布设标准径流小区,进行了不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出的试验研究。通过径流小区的试验观测分析表明:水保林+水平竹节沟式综合水保措施实施初期,平均减流和减沙效果达到近73%,以植被增加地表覆盖度,以水平竹节沟坡面水保工程截短坡长,分段拦蓄径流泥沙,可实现保水保土目的;经果林+坡面工程或绿篱是坡地经济果业开发保持水土的重要措施,工程措施在初期发挥作用较绿篱更大;氮磷等面源污染随水土流失从坡面输出,试验区不同措施氮素输出多以径流携带为主,磷素输出均以泥沙携带为主;经果林+工程措施对径流携带氮磷拦截率较高,水保林+工程措施对泥沙携带氮磷的拦截率较高,都在75%以上。     

RESTORING SALMON HABITAT FOR A CHANGING CLIMATE

An important question for salmon restoration efforts in the western USA is ‘How should habitat restoration plans be altered to accommodate climate change effects on stream flow and temperature?’ We developed a decision support process for adapting salmon recovery plans that incorporates (1) local habitat factors limiting salmon recovery, (2) scenarios of climate change effects on stream flow and temperature, (3) the ability of restoration actions to ameliorate climate change effects, and (4) the ability of restoration actions to increase habitat diversity and salmon population resilience. To facilitate the use of this decision support framework, we mapped scenarios of future stream flow and temperature in the Pacific Northwest region and reviewed literature on habitat restoration actions to determine whether they ameliorate a climate change effect or increase life history diversity and salmon resilience. Under the climate change scenarios considered here, summer low flows decrease by 35–75% west of the Cascade Mountains, maximum monthly flows increase by 10–60% across most of the region, and stream temperatures increase between 2 and 6°C by 2070–2099. On the basis of our literature review, we found that restoring floodplain connectivity, restoring stream flow regimes, and re‐aggrading incised channels are most likely to ameliorate stream flow and temperature changes and increase habitat diversity and population resilience. By contrast, most restoration actions focused on in‐stream rehabilitation are unlikely to ameliorate climate change effects. Finally, we illustrate how the decision support process can be used to evaluate whether climate change should alter the types or priority of restoration actions in a salmon habitat restoration plan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact assessment of climate change and human activities on annual highest water level of Taihu Lake

The annual highest water level of Taihu Lake (Zm) is very significant for flood management in the Taihu Basin. This paper first describes the inter-annual and intra-annual traits of Zm from 1956 to 2000. Then, using the Mann-Kenall (MK) and Spearman (SP) nonparametric tests, the long-term change trends of area precipitation and pan evaporation in the Taihu Basin are determined. Meanwhile, using the Morlet wavelet transformation, the fluctuation patterns and change points of precipitation and pan evaporation are analyzed. Also, human activities in the Taihu Basin are described, including land use change and hydraulic project construction. Finally, the relationship between Zm, the water level of Taihu Lake 30 days prior to the day of Zm (Z0), and the 30-day total precipitation and pan evaporation prior to the day of Zm (P and E0, respectively) is described based on multi-linear regression equations. The relative influence of climate change and human activities on the change of Zm is quantitatively ascertained. The results demonstrate that: (1) Zm was distinctly higher during the 1980-2000 period than during the 1956-1979 period, and the 30 days prior to the day of Zm are the key phase influencing Zm every year; (2) P increased significantly at a confidence level of 95% during the 1956-2000 period, while the reverse was true for E0; (3) The relationship between Zm, P and E0 distinctly changed after 1980; (4) Climate change and human activities together caused frequent occurrences of high Zm after 1980; (5) Climate change caused a substantially greater Zm difference between the 1956-1979 and 1980-2000 periods than human activities. Climate change, as represented by P and E0, was the dominant factor raising Zm, with a relative influence ratio of 83.6%, while human activities had a smaller influence ratio of 16.4%.     

基于水文学方法的大洋河河道生态需水量计算研究

河道生态需水量的确定对于河流生态系统健康至关重要,为计算大洋河河道内生态需水量,基于大洋河岫岩和沙里寨两个水文站1970-2012年流量资料,分别运用最小生态径流法以及本文提出的保证率为90%(枯水期)、75%(平水期)、60%(丰水期)的适宜生态径流法计算了大洋河河道内生态需水量,并运用Tennant法对计算结果进行评价分析并结合实测流量资料对大洋河生态径流满足度进行了分析,研究结果表明:适宜生态径流量可以使得大洋河河道内的生态环境状况在丰水期和枯水期达到极好的状态,而最小生态径流量也能使大洋河生态环境状况得到改善和稳定,大洋河在丰水期生态径流破坏程度要高于枯水期,本文的研究成果对于大洋河河道生态保护和治理可提供参考价值。     

基于DFA的桑干河水文气象因子的趋势分析

研究区域的气象因子(气温、降水和蒸发)及径流的长期演变特性,对于水文水资源系统的预报、模拟具有十分重要的作用。采用非趋势波动(DFA)分析法,对桑干河近55年(1955年-2010年)的气象因子的变化及石匣里水文站1955年-1990年的径流量的变化进行了分析,计算得到气温、蒸发、降水和径流的标度指数的数值分别为0.523 9、0.696 8、0.723 7、1.201 1,其中气温、降水和蒸发的标度指数居于0.5～1之间,而径流的标度指数大于1,分析结果表明,未来该流域的气温将呈升高的趋势,而蒸发和降水呈逐渐减少的趋势,降水的减少将更为显著,径流未来的变化趋势不能用DFA法来识别,有待于进一步的研究。     

典型农用地降雨径流污染物输出特征

选取常熟金泾塘地区典型农用地为研究对象,通过人工降雨研究不同降雨条件下径流污染物的输出特征,并分析径流污染对河水污染的贡献。结果表明:小强度降雨径流初期污染物输出浓度最大,而高强度降雨径流污染物输出最大浓度相对滞后;污染物TN和COD_Mn输出总量远大于TP和氨氮,且污染物输出总量随雨强增大而增加,但并不呈线性增长关系;径流污染输出的TN和TP对金泾塘河水污染贡献较大。