Diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface ozone and its precursor gases at a semi‐arid site Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m asl) in India

Measurements of surface ozone and its precursor gases (NO_x and CO) have been made at a semi‐arid site Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m asl) in tropical Indian region for the period, 2001–2003. NO_x and CO levels were the highest during morning and late night hours at this site. Diurnal variations of ozone concentrations varied from 25 ppbv to 50 ppbv and were observed to increase gradually after sunrise, attaining a maximum value by the evening and decreasing gradually thereafter. During monsoon months, the diurnal amplitude of ozone was found to be small (20–25 ppbv). Seasonal variation in ozone showed a pronounced maximum (40–50 ppbv) in the winter and summer. Local pollutants were major contributors to the ozone levels during this period. Ozone shows a yearly mean mixing ratio of about 35.9 ± 8.8 ppbv. The daytime concentration of CO and NO_x varied between 200 to 1200 ppbv and 3 to 20 ppbv respectively for the period studied. Annual average mixing ratios of oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) and CO were observed to be 3.9±0.6 ppbv and 436±64 ppbv, respectively.     

干旱区植物种质资源保育及伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园建设构想

【意义】伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园是中国唯一一个处于温带大陆气候的植物园,具有独特的地域和生物多样性特点,是干旱区荒漠植物收集、引种、保育的宝库。干旱区内独特且丰富的抗逆生物种质资源,是国民经济可持续发展的重要资源,也是联合国《生物多样性公约》生物多样性保育的重点区域。广泛收集保育干旱区野生植物种质资源并进行有效迁地保育,对保障全球生物资源安全有重要意义。【分析】国家植物园体系在考虑国家重大战略、主要气候类型与典型植被区划特点、生物多样性热点地区、服务经济社会发展需要等因素后,依据国家代表性、保护系统性、社会公益性、管理可行性等准入条件,将伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园纳入国家植物园体系布局。因此,按照国家植物园体系的主要建设任务,整合中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所在新疆已建的伊犁植物园及吐鲁番沙漠植物园,建设伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园,是构建干旱区植物迁地保育体系的必然要求。【展望】伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园旨在构建干旱区植物迁地保育体系,建设集生态保护、物种保育、科学研究、开发利用、实验示范、科普教育和旅游观光为一体的世界最大的综合性干旱区植物园。为实现中国生物多样性保护目标和建设美丽中国奠定基础,并为中国“一带一路”战略实施提供科技支撑及中国方案。     

煤田土壤热红外发射率特征及其有机质估算模型

利用傅立叶热红外光谱仪探测煤田土壤的光谱数据和土壤有机质含量数据,分析了原始光谱发射率的特征,求算原始发射率的一阶、二阶导数,分别建立原始发射率、一阶导数、二阶导数与有机质之间的模型,检验和评价了每个模型的适用性。结果表明：(1)土壤的有机质含量随着地表地物类型和周边环境的不同而存在明显差异;(2)无论有机质含量存在多大的差异,热红外光谱发射率随波长的增加的而变化的趋势不变;但土壤热红外光谱的发射率在8-11.5 um范围内最敏感,有机质含量的大小会对其敏感性产生影响;(3)一阶导数、二阶导数的发射率与有机质的相关性明显优于原始发射率数据,发射率数据的导数处理能够有效的增强与有机质之间的相关性,且在该研究区发射率数据的二阶导数与有机质含量相关性最高;(4)一阶导数和二阶导数的热红外光谱发射率与有机质含量之间的拟合函数效果均较为良好,尤其二阶导数发射率的指数函数效果最佳;一阶导数的多元逐步回归拟合模型预测能力略优于线性函数模型。     

藏北高原地区和西北干旱区地表能量季节变化特征对比分析

基于中日合作研究项目"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验"(CAMP/Tibet,2001～2005年)和大型野外观测试验国家重点基础研究发展规划项目中的"西北干旱区陆气相互作用试验"(DHEX,2000-2003年) 1a年的观测数据资料分析研究了干旱区地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量。得到一些有关地表能量的新认识,最后还提出并讨论了计算地表能量通量的方法及其优缺点。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究国内外少有涉及.为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,开展了不同矿化度(3、30、100、250 g/L)潜水蒸发试验,着重分析不同处理潜水累积蒸发动态、日间蒸发动态及昼夜变化规律.结果表明:潜水累积蒸发量与时长、土壤剖面积盐量与矿化度均显著线性正相关;潜水蒸发相对于EΦ20水面蒸发变化存在明显滞后;水面与潜水蒸发动态均表现为夜间变化强烈,不同矿化度潜水平均夜间蒸发量占日蒸发较大份额,除3 g/L处理外,均达60％左右.高盐度潜水蒸发过程对土质的影响呈非线性且非单一方向;夜间潜水蒸发的驱动因素为白天大气蒸发能力的延迟驱动及夜间水汽凝结产生的负压驱动.     

以地形为基础的HSC产流模型在辽西半干旱丘陵流域的适用性

采用以地形为基础的HSC产流模型(HAND-based storage capacity curve),以典型半干旱丘陵区的辽宁省叶柏寿流域为研究区,检验模拟效果。在只改变产流模块的情况下,把HSC线型同HBV(hydrologiska byrans vattenbalansavedlning)模型的beta函数、新安江模型的蓄水容量曲线、基于雨强阈值的超渗模型进行比较后发现,在进行长时间序列模拟时,极端高洪峰流量过程对径流的模拟结果有很强的影响。传统模型依赖参数率定,普遍存在参数过拟合现象,即为了提高洪峰流量模拟精度,导致优化的产流参数严重背离物理意义和假设。研究提出的产流模型基于HSC线型并耦合根系区蓄水容量反演的MCT方法,参数物理意义明确且无需率定,可避免传统模型存在的为提高对少数洪峰流量的模拟精度而产生的参数过拟合现象,因此在率定期和验证期其洪水模拟精度表现更为可靠和稳定。     

干旱区内陆河流域绿洲水循环监测及评价系统

以新疆为例,针对干旱区内陆河流域平原绿洲水资源的运移、转化和消耗等水循环特点,以水资源科学管理,高效利用,合理配置和可持续发展为出发点,提出了加强绿洲水文研究、建立绿洲水循环监测系统及绿洲水资源利用评价系统的初步构想。监测评价系统能适时科学地诊断绿洲水循环过程及水资源利用的合理性,并及时有效地解决绿洲水资源利用存在的问题。     

Runoff Analysis for a Small Watershed of Tono Area Japan by Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network with Seasonal Data

The rainfall runoff (R-R) process was studied for two small sub-basins having different sizes in a mountainous catchment of Tono area Japan. The runoff and other meterological data have been collected in this catchment for the last 14 years. The major objective of this study was to construct numerical models for these sub-basins to predict runoff after 1/2 and 1 h. The effects of season and the size of the catchment on R-R process were also investigated. The hydrogeological conditions of the catchment were studied prior to the analyses. The data obtained for summer (rainy) and winter (dry) seasons were treated separately in order to study the seasonal effects on the model development. The back propagation artificial neural network technique (BPANN) and the multivariate autoregressive and moving average models (ARMA) were adopted for the analysis. It was found that for very small catchments the seasonal effects are dominant and therefore separate models should be developed for each season to obtain better forecasting estimates. It was also found that the predictions by BPANN models were better than multivariate ARMA models for intense rains having complex R-R relationships in summer. On the other hand, both the modelling techniques yielded almost similar results for smaller rains in winter. It was also found clearly that the accuracy of prediction decreased with the increase of the time period for prediction.     

基于生态足迹的半干旱牧区生态承载力分析

可持续发展的定量测度是当前国际上生态经济研究的前沿问题,也是生态水利关注的热点之一。生态足迹分析法是近年来发展的用于定量研究和判断一个国家或地区可持续发展状况的新方法。本文以内蒙古典型半干旱牧区乌审旗2000—2003年统计资料为依据,基于生态足迹理论与生态足迹计算模型,对其生态足迹与生态承载力进行了计算与分析评价。结果表明,当地生态足迹呈现上升趋势,生态赤字不断增加,地区发展处于一种不可持续状态。本研究对牧区生态水利建设具有一定指导作用。