防蒸发浮板覆盖平原水库节水效率研究

内陆干旱区降水稀少,蒸发强烈,为了减少内陆干旱区平原水库的无效蒸发,提高水库的利用率,缓解水资源紧张,进行了塑料空心板覆盖水库水面的试验。通过隔断水面与外界环境的接触,从而抑制水面蒸发。塑料空心板的湿润面积由3部分组成风浪打湿的面积、板与板之间碰撞挤出的水形成的湿润面积、板与坝坡碰撞挤出的水形成的湿润面积。应用统计学原理,依据现场试验的实测数据,计算在不同气象条件下浮板的湿润面积,统计一个完整的非冰冻期资料;得出不同风速出现的概率及防蒸发系数,计算防蒸发量;对比分析不同面积下防蒸发浮板覆盖水库水面的节水效率。结果表明现场3个方案试验的节水效率分别为55.38%,65.97%,80.10%,浮板面积越大节水效率越高,板的节水效果和试验布置方式有关,将浮板布置在围栏之内,最大可提高节水效率1.45%;将浮板做成整体时节水效率提高较为明显,最大可提高17.68%。     

新疆内陆干旱区光伏发电项目水土流失治理措施研究——以喀什地区海润光伏岳普湖县并网光伏发电项目为例

对新疆内陆干旱区海润光伏岳普湖县并网光伏发电站一期20MWp项目各个工程分区的水土保持防护措施设计,采用工程措施、植物措施及临时措施使项目区的水土流失得到有效控制,减少对原地貌、地表植被的扰动和损坏。     

SRM融雪径流模型在疏勒河流域上游的应用

疏勒河是西北典型的干旱区内陆河流域,其冰雪融水是春季径流补给的重要来源之一。本文结合MODIS积雪产品MOD10A2、DEM数据和气象台站数据,构建了疏勒河流域上游SRM融雪径流模型,模拟结果的拟合优度确定系数Nash-Sutcliffe系数R2=0.834和体积差DV=1.63%。结果表明:该模型能基本上把握疏勒河流域融雪径流的趋势,达到了较好的模拟效果,可用于该流域春季径流的预测,为预防春季融雪型洪水灾害和减轻春季旱情提供了基础。     

森林植被截留降雨实验与模拟

根据半干旱地区樟子松林冠截留降雨的实测资料,对林冠截留与大气降雨之间的关系进行了分析。在几个假设的基础上,建立林冠截留及林内雨量的半理论半经验公式,并介绍了参数确定方法。经检验,公式的计算值与实测值取得较好的一致性,基本上反映出林冠截留降雨的一般规律,揭示了林冠对降雨截留作用的数量关系和客观实质。     

微咸水膜下滴灌棉田漫灌洗盐评价

合理利用微咸水灌溉对缓解淡水紧缺有重要意义。为评价漫灌对微咸水膜下滴灌棉田地表以下0~60 cm深度积盐的淋洗效应,2013年漫灌前、后采用EM38-MK2型电磁感应仪进行大地表观电导率(ECa)调查,通过取样率定得出对应盐分解译模型。将解译获得的漫灌前、后土壤含盐率作为区域化变量,经K-S检验为正态分布,并分别服从指数和球状半方差函数模型。变程相近而基台值远大于灌前,表明灌后变异程度增强。Kriging插值结果显示,实际不合理的漫灌方式,使得灌后土壤返盐,0~60 cm深度范围积盐增量达4.1×104kg/hm2。利用HYDRUS-1D建立土壤水盐运移模型模拟优化的灌水定额为360 mm,较实际灌水定额615 mm节水255 mm,脱盐率为39.3%。持续微咸水灌溉需要完善的农田排水、排盐渠系和盐分排泄区。     

防蒸发材料局部覆盖干旱区平原水库节水试验研究

内陆干旱区水库蒸发量大,对新型防蒸发材料的研究有利于减少无效蒸发提高水库的有效利用率。通过防蒸发材料覆盖部分库面试验,统计完整周期内不同气象条件下防蒸发材料的有效覆盖面,根据影响防蒸发因子出现的概率,计算其有效防蒸发量,验证其节水效果。以内陆干旱区某一典型平原水库为现场试验对象,依据试验初步成果,对上述问题进行了探讨。     

武威盆地不同土地利用类型下的地下水位时空动态分析

采用ArcGIS中UK法,研究了西北干旱内陆区石羊河流域中游武威盆地1983-1999年的地下水位变化.计算结果表明：该地区地下水位分布由西南向东北递减,且在20世纪90年代其地下水位的下降趋势明显.并在此基础上,分析比较了农耕地、河流边缘、城镇、沙漠边缘、草地、林地等6种不同的土地类型在这近20年的地下水位埋深变化及其年均降幅.结果表明,不同土地类型的地下水位埋深的年均降幅并不相同,依次是：城镇最大;农耕地和草地次之;沙漠边缘和河流边缘地区较小;林地最小.     

Hydrologic thresholds for riparian forest conservation in a regulated large Mediterranean river

Most riparian trees are phreatophytic, water table‐dependent plants which broadly differ in their tolerance to drought and permanent flooding. In semi‐arid settings, as water is limiting, inundations may be regarded as inputs rather than stresses for the survival of phreatophytes. In this study, the mortality rates and abundances of Populus alba, P. nigra, Salix alba and local Tamarix spp. were examined in 43 plots with different hydrologic conditions distributed across the floodplain of a large semi‐arid and Mediterranean river, the Ebro River (Spain). The objectives were to determine hydrologic thresholds for the maintenance of declining populations of those species, while providing novel information on their phreatophytic nature, and to examine shifts in the species composition along hydrologic gradients. All species exhibited significant relationships between mortality rates and hydrologic variables (deepest water table—WT, flood duration—FD and flood frequency—FF). S. alba was found to be the species with lowest tolerance to drier conditions (hydrologic thresholds for maintaining a mortality rate <50%: WT > ?1.22 m; FD: out of observation range; FF > 5.4 events y^?1), followed by P. nigra (WT > ?2.18 m; FD > 11.1%; FF > 3.8 events y^?1), Tamarix spp. (WT > ?2.96 m; FD > 3.7%; FF > 2.5 events y^?1) and P. alba (WT > ?3.45 m; FD > 1.7%; FF > 2.0 events y^?1). Only a significant reduction in S. alba relative abundance was observed as conditions got drier. The results provided quantitative information useful to guide management plans for the protection of Mediterranean phreatophytic tree species from further degradation and suggested that eventual natural or regulation‐induced droughts and groundwater declines would accelerate the loss of all phreatophytic species, especially S. alba. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of indirect evaporative cooling and thermal mass in a hot arid climate

In this paper, we compare results of a long-term temperature monitoring in a building with high thermal mass to indoor temperature predictions of a second building that uses an indirect evaporative cooling system as a means of passive cooling (Vivienda Bioclimática Prototipo -VBP-1), for the climatic conditions of Sde Boqer, Negev region of Israel (local latitude 30°52′N, longitude 34°46′E, approximately 480 m above sea level). The high-mass building was monitored from January through September 2006 and belongs to a student dormitory complex located at the Sde Boqer Campus of Ben-Gurion University. VBP-1 was designed and built in Maracaibo, Venezuela (latitude 10°34′N, longitude 71°44′W, elevation 66 m above sea level) and had its indoor air temperatures, below and above a shaded roof pond, as well as the pond temperature monitored from February to September 2006. Formulas were developed for the VBP-1, based on part of the whole monitoring period, which represent the measured daily indoor maximum, average and minimum temperatures. The formulas were then validated against measurements taken independently in different time periods. The developed formulas were here used for estimating the building's thermal and energy performance at the climate of Sde Boqer, allowing a comparison of two different strategies: indirect evaporative cooling and the use of thermal mass.