Developing and evaluating language courseware

The paper sets out twenty proposals for the development and evaluation of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) programs. These proposals emerge from special characteristics of language instruction and of the use of computers to assist in language instruction. We combine theoretically-based assumptions with empirical findings drawn from investigation of language courseware for Hebrew speakers in Israel. We first list four unique features of language instruction: (1) the object-language-meta-language distinction; (2) computer as written medium vs. language as primary spoken medium; (3) teaching of second language skills vs. linguistics; (4) the computer as an electronic tool vs. the computer as a cognitive entity simulating the speaker. We then show how these unique characteristics of language instruction (mother-tongue and foreign language) impose special proposals on language courseware. These proposals should be observed in the development of language courseware and in the evaluation of such programs. Clearly, these proposals integrate with general courseware proposals. Michal Ephratt (Ph.D., computational linguistics) completed post-doctoral studies at the University of Rochester. She has been on the staff of the Dept. of Hebrew Linguistics, University of Haifa, since 1988. Some of her publications include Root-Pattern Array: The Main Tool of Hebrew Word Formation (Hebrew University, 1985); and What's in a Joke? in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language and Knowledge-based Systems (Springer-Verlag, 1990).This paper is based on work the author did as a consultant in the National Courseware Evaluation Department of the Ministry of Education. I wish to thank Esther Diamant, head of the department, for making the study possible.     

基于滤波的SAR影像去噪方法分析

根据SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)影像相干噪声的特点,对现在广泛应用的各种抑制噪声的滤波方法如均值滤波、Frost滤波、增强型Lee滤波、Lee滤波、中值滤波等进行分析,并提出适合本研究区影像的基于小波变换的分量滤波处理去噪方法,利用均值、标准差、平滑指数、PM值、信息熵和平均梯度等评价指标对各种滤波去噪后的影像质量进行评价,并对去噪效果进行对比分析,证明本文所采用的滤波方法对SAR影像噪声有很好的抑制作用,并且较好的保存了图像纹理信息。     

遥感图像理想均衡化及图像质量定量评价

大多数原始的遥感影像由于其灰度分布集中在较窄的范围内,影像的细节不够清晰,对比度较低。为了使影像的灰度范围拉开或使灰度均匀分布,从而增大反差,增强影像细节信息,通常采用的方法为直方图均衡化。通过对信息熵定义的阐述,引出直方图均衡化的图像增强算法。通过分析传统直方图均衡化算法中存在的缺陷,进而基于分段映射思想提出一种改进的理想直方图均衡化算法。同时,为了对传统算法和改进算法进行定量化地分析比较,基于同时对比度以及人类视觉对比度分辨率限制和模糊数学的相关思想,分别提出基于加权几何平均数法的合成平均对比度和细节评价参数的定义。最后,采用同时对比度、基于加权几何平均数法的合成平均对比度以及细节评价参数作为定量评价的指标,对所提出的改进算法进行了定量评价。评价结果表明,该改进算法的图像增强效果优于传统的直方图均衡化算法。     

特种车辆维修空间可达性评价方法研究

可达性作为维修性的定性指标,缺少定量评价的方法。传统方法只针对装备的整体进行定性评价,不能对不同的等级维修和单个维修动作进行评价。通过对维修性设计中的结构性因素进行分析,得到了空间可达性的主要影响因素。在虚拟维修仿真平台的基础上对工具旋转角度和作业空间比进行了量化评分,给出了针对维修作业过程中单个零部件拆卸的空间可达性评价方法。单个动作评价方法为等级维修的整体空间可达性评价提供了数据基础,并为新型特种车辆的维修方案论证和研制的空间可达性评价提供了手段。     

美国大学教学评估及其对中国高等教育的启示

美国大学和学院，学生对教师教学进行有效性评估。不同大学对教学有不同要求和标准；美国学术界对教学评估体系利与弊展开过辩论，而学生和老师的背景特征可能引起偏见。美国学生对老师进行教学评估的体系，对中国高等教育教学可能有一定的他石意义，但是，评估体系的现实条件有差异，中国不应当照抄或照搬美国教学评估，尤其应该摒弃将教与学关系扭曲为买方和卖方关系的观念。取其精华而弃其糟粕，建立适应中国的教学评估体系才能提高高等教育质量。     

Operational optimization of a building-level integrated energy system considering additional potential benefits of energy storage

As a key component of an integrated energy system (IES), energy storage can effectively alleviate the problem of the times between energy production and consumption. Exploiting the benefits of energy storage can improve the competitiveness of multi-energy systems. This paper proposes a method for day-ahead operation optimization of a building-level integrated energy system (BIES) considering additional potential benefits of energy storage. Based on the characteristics of peak-shaving and valley-filling of energy storage, and further consideration of the changes in the system’s load and real-time electricity price, a model of additional potential benefits of energy storage is developed. Aiming at the lowest total operating cost, a bi-level optimal operational model for day-ahead operation of BIES is developed. A case analysis of different dispatch strategies verifies that the addition of the proposed battery scheduling strategy improves economic operation. The results demonstrate that the model can exploit energy storage’s potential, further optimize the power output of BIES and reduce the economic cost.     

基于改进AHP-FCE模型的多指标拟态表决算法

为了提高拟态防御中表决的准确性,提出了一种基于改进层次分析-模糊综合评价（AHP-FCE）模型的多指标拟态表决算法.针对传统AHP-FCE模型中判断矩阵一致性检验的缺点,对判断矩阵的构造方法进行了改进,构造具有一致性的判断矩阵,无须一致性校验和调整.基于该改进模型,综合分析了拟态表决中的一致度、历史置信度、异构度指标,将拟态表决转化为模糊评价过程.仿真结果表明,与一致表决相比,该算法能有效提高表决的正确率,提升拟态系统的整体安全性能.     

基于感知驱动的纹饰矢量图评价方法

针对构建中华文化矢量素材库过程中如何评价矢量图质量优劣的问题,提出精确性、连续性和简单性三大视觉评价指标,并进行了量化分析. 首先,对矢量图进行解析,获取矢量图的文档对象模型,遍历文档树得到矢量信息;然后,结合格式塔心理学对矢量图的视觉误差、曲线连续性和纹饰图案的复杂度进行量化;最后,提出一种基于感知驱动的传统纹饰矢量图的评价方法. 结合视觉上的启发性规则,所提评价方法可提供3个量化指标用于多任务驱动矢量化系统中矢量图的自动评价、排序和筛选. 在纹饰矢量图数据集上对算法进行了仿真实验,结果表明,对矢量图的评价结果符合主流设计的视觉审美和期望.     

汽车检测系统可靠性分析与提高

采集、分析整理了大量的国内汽车检测线运行故障记录,并确定了主要的故障模式及原因.根据专家评判法,应用模糊综合评价理论对故障模式进行了可靠性分析.根据故障的可靠性评价指标,确定了测控系统的可靠性薄弱环节,并制定了相应的可靠性改进措施.实践证明,经过可靠性改进,系统的故障率大大地降低.     

VCSTalk：基于DEA的开源软件开发人员效率评价工具*

介绍了VCSTalk的具体设计和实现架构,并展示了它用于评价若干开源软件项目中的开发人员效率的一个具体实例.