生物柴油碳烟分散特性对液体石蜡摩擦学行为的影响

生物柴油碳烟（BDS）在润滑油中团聚会引起润滑油黏度增加和磨损加剧。为了提高BDS的分散性从而改善其在润滑油中的润滑性能,采用旋转黏度计和高频往复试验机分别考察分散剂聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺（PIBSI）和钙盐清净剂（高碱值合成磺酸钙HACS、烷基水杨酸钙ACS、硫化烷基酚钙SCA）对含BDS的液体石蜡（LP）的分散特性和摩擦学行为的影响,借助X射线光电子能谱、Zeta电位仪、3D激光扫描显微镜和扫描电子显微镜附带能谱探究BDS分散和摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,与单一添加相比,PIBSI与HACS复合添加于含BDS的LP中,BDS表面的-OH含量最高,在LP中团聚态BDS的平均粒径最小,对BDS的分散效果最好;添加9%（PIBSI+HACS）于含5% BDS的LP时,磨损体积从7.73×10⁵ μm³降低到5.42×10⁵μm³,降幅为29.9%;机理分析显示（PIBSI+HACS）通过氢键吸附在BDS表面,阻碍LP中BDS团聚;（PIBSI+HACS）对BDS的分散和抑制BDS在摩擦表面吸附作用,起到提升含BDS的LP的抗磨性能的效果。     

Biodiesel engine performance and emissions in low temperature combustion

Engine performance and emission comparisons were made between the use of soy, Canola and yellow grease derived B100 biodiesel fuels and an ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel in the high load engine operating conditions. Compared to the diesel fuel engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x), a high-cetane number (CN) biodiesel fuel produced comparable NO_x while the biodiesel with a CN similar to the diesel fuel produced relatively higher NO_x at a fixed start of injection. The soot, carbon monoxide and un-burnt hydrocarbon emissions were generally lower for the biodiesel-fuelled engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was then extensively applied to initiate low temperature combustion (LTC) mode at medium and low load conditions. An intake throttling valve was implemented to increase the differential pressure between the intake and exhaust in order to increase and enhance the EGR. Simultaneous reduction of NO_x and soot was achieved when the ignition delay was prolonged by more than 50% from the case with 0% EGR at low load conditions. Furthermore, a preliminary ignition delay correlation under the influence of EGR at steady-state conditions was developed. The correlation considered the fuel CN and oxygen concentrations in the intake air and fuel. The research intends to achieve simultaneous reductions of NO_x and soot emissions in modern production diesel engines when biodiesel is applied.     

小球藻在蔗渣酶解液中的异养生长及其脂肪酸生成

在高温液态水处理的甘蔗渣酶解过程中添加Tween80可使聚糖转化率提高11.4%。根据蔗渣酶解液中糖的种类及含量,用葡萄糖、木糖和纤维二糖标准品模拟蔗渣酶解液组成配制成相应的混合糖培养基,同时配制仅含葡萄糖的培养基,在有、无Tween80和BG11(Blue-Green 11)的条件下,考察小球藻在不同培养基中的异养生长及脂肪酸生成。结果显示Tween80对小球藻的生长具有抑制作用,纤维二糖也会影响小球藻的生长;小球藻在添加BG11的葡萄糖培养基中的生物量最高,为1.97 g·L^-1,在添加BG11的蔗渣酶解液中的生物量高出未添加BG11的2倍,在含有Tween80和BG11的蔗渣酶解液中的总脂肪酸含量最高,达到6.90%,在所有培养基中产生的脂肪酸以C_16:0、C_18:1、C_18:3、C_20:1和C_20:4为主;培养基组成优化可进一步提高微藻生物量和油脂产量。     

预酯化-酯交换法利用餐饮废油脂制备生物柴油

以高酸值餐饮废油脂和乙醇为原料,采用预酯化-酯交换法制备生物柴油。第一步为预酯化反应,控制反应温度为70℃,最佳条件为:催化剂加入量为4%,反应时间为90min,带水剂加入量为10%,乙醇加入量控制在醇酸摩尔比为6∶1,可使油脂酸值降至4mg KOH·g-1以下,满足酯交换反应要求。第二步为酯交换反应,最佳条件是:醇油摩尔比为8∶1,碱性催化剂加入量为0.8%,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为30min。本方法具有反应时间短、转化率高,反应条件温和,清洁环保等优点。     

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of algae processing network for CO2 mitigation and biofuel production using life cycle optimization

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of a large‐scale algae processing network under economic and environmental criteria is addressed. An algae processing network superstructure including 7800 processing routes is proposed. Based on the superstructure, a multiobjective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to simultaneously optimize the unit cost and the unit global warming potential (GWP). To efficiently solve the nonconvex MINLP model with separable concave terms and mixed‐integer fractional terms in the objective functions, a global optimization strategy that integrates a branch‐and‐refine algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximations is proposed and an exact parametric algorithm based on Newton's method. Two Pareto‐optimal curves are obtained for biofuel production and biological carbon sequestration, respectively. The unit annual biofuel production cost ranges from $7.02/gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) to $9.71/GGE, corresponding to unit GWP's of 26.491 to 16.52 kg CO₂‐eq/GGE, respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3195–3210, 2014     

生物质燃油燃烧特性分析

以小桐子油、小桐子生物柴油、地沟油、地沟油生物柴油、0#柴油作为研究对象,对这5种燃油的黏温特性进行了探究分析,同时在自行搭建的雾化燃烧试验平台研究燃油在炉内燃烧火焰体积、长度及火焰温度变化规律,试验结果表明燃烧温度越高,生物质燃油和0#柴油的运动黏度均减小,地沟油减少幅度最大为81.75%;试验条件相同情况下,0#柴油的火焰长度最大为288.209 mm,地沟油火焰长度的最小为207.814 mm,5种燃油燃烧温度在轴线方向先上升后下降,在径向方向波动较大;在不同工况下,随过量空气系数α或雾化压力p的增大,生物质燃油和0#柴油燃烧火焰体积及火焰长度均呈下降趋势;燃油火焰平均温度的变化趋势随过量空气系数α增大先增大后减小,随氧体积分数的增大一直上升,小桐子油增幅最大为25.90%.     

基于微流体技术的生物燃料开发与应用

为了加快生物燃料产业的发展速度,提高生物燃料的产量和质量,微流体技术被引入到了生物燃料领域。文章聚焦于微流体技术在生物燃料领域的应用,重点介绍了微流体技术及装置在生物柴油和生物乙醇生产中的应用,讨论了影响生物燃料微流体反应器性能的相关因素,最后,提出了微流体技术在生物燃料领域的应用过程中所面临的问题并展望了其应用前景。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料B50的性能试验研究

对ZS1110TD型单缸直喷式柴油机在不作任何调整的情况下燃用50%生物柴油与50%柴油的混合燃料B50的性能进行测定,与燃用-10#柴油时的性能对比表明在同样工况下,混合燃料的功率、扭矩均低于柴油,燃油消耗率高于柴油.     

固体酸催化棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油

生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)可以由棉籽油与甲醇在酸催化剂的作用下通过酯交换反应制得. 通过硫酸改性氧化钛、氧化锆,并经过高温煅烧得到了相应的固体强酸催化剂TiO2-SO42-, ZrO2-SO42-,并对催化剂活性进行了评价. 实验结果表明,TiO2-SO42-和ZrO2-SO42-与改性前的氧化物相比具有较高的酯交换反应活性. 在230℃、醇油摩尔比12:1及催化剂用量为棉籽油2%(w)的条件下,反应8 h后甲酯的收率达到90%以上. 与固体碱催化剂相比,固体酸催化剂对原料的酸度有更强的适应性. 红外吡啶吸附光谱表明,TiO2-SO42-与ZrO2-SO42-具有较强的L酸和B酸中心.     

小球藻生物柴油详细燃烧反应动力学模型的构建

采用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定了小球藻生物柴油的组分和比例,分析了小球藻生物柴油的理化特性,在此基础上,确定了小球藻生物柴油的表征物质。应用“叠加法”构建了小球藻生物柴油的详细燃烧反应动力学模型,利用激波管试验和发动机台架试验数据对模型加以验证。研究结果表明,选取物质的量比为1∶1的癸酸甲酯和正庚烷作为小球藻生物柴油的表征物质,所构建的详细燃烧反应动力学模型包含3300种物质,10851个基元反应。温度高于1000 K时,着火延迟期的预测值与实验值的最大误差小于8.1%,温度低于1000 K时,误差介于8.1%~15.3%。所构建的模型能较好地预测内燃机缸内压力,最大相对误差为6.6%。