塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征及其影响 因素研究

目前国内对海绵生境生物多样性方面的研究还较为欠缺,有蓄水功能的塘类海绵生境可作为鸟类觅食及栖息之地。为了探究塘类海绵生境的鸟类特征,以及生境中的设计与环境因子是如何影响鸟类群落多样性特征的,对重庆悦来会展城的干塘与湿塘进行调查,采集生境中的鸟类、植被、面积特征与环境干扰特征数据。采用聚类分析的方法明确鸟类群落组成特征,通过构建结构方程模型,探究塘类海绵生境特征因子对鸟类群落多样性特征的影响。经过四季监测实地调研,总共观测到64种鸟类,可划分为4种鸟类集团,整体鸟类群落多样性特征受到生境面积、蓄水层面积、乔木多样性、灌木多样性、乔木胸径、乔木盖度、噪声、距林地距离和距非绿地建设用地距离的显著影响。通过合理的设计策略可以提升塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征。本研究对于探索城市绿地小微生境的生物多样性效益,促进海绵城市精细化营建具有重要价值。     

国家植物园助力生物多样性保护的途径与方法

【目的】国家植物园是在国家层面开展植物迁地保护的机构,承担着中国植物多样性保护的重任。以中国首个国家植物园为例,论述了其在植物多样性保护方面的工作,旨在为中国国家植物园体系建设提供参考和借鉴。【分析】介绍了生物多样性概念的由来,中国生物多样性概况、现存问题及生物多样性保护的意义。分析了国内外植物园对生物多样性保护的贡献,探讨了国家植物园可以在国家层面,通过物种收集、科学研究、国际合作以及科普教育4个主要途径在中国乃至世界生物多样性保护中发挥更重要的作用。同时指出随着中国国家植物园体系的建设,植物园在生物多样性保护方面的作用将更加凸显。【展望】在生态文明背景下,对国家植物园的责任、使命与工作方向进行了展望,指出国家植物园今后应加强在生物多样性编目和物种监测、迁地栽培植物的保护评估、物种濒危原因和生存策略研究、生物多样性与生态功能关系、气候变化对植物适应性进化的影响以及外来入侵物种监测与防治等方面工作,同时应与以就地保护为主要功能的自然保护地体系紧密合作,完善中国生物多样性保护安全体系,为生态文明建设与可持续发展提供坚强保障。     

乡野杂草多样性特征与保护策略——以四川东北丘陵区蚕华山村为例

【目的】乡野杂草是乡村生物多样性的重要组成部分,更是乡村生态系统的核心生物要素。长期以来,乡野杂草多样性的科学价值未得到足够重视,研究乡野杂草多样性特征及维持机制,并提出乡野杂草多样性保护策略,是乡村生物多样保护亟待解决的科学问题。【方法】选取四川东北丘陵区域典型传统村落蚕华山村为研究区域,对村落内乡野杂草种类及分布情况进行定性及定量调查。【结果】共记录乡野杂草65科188属263种,分布在院落、农田、水塘、沟渠、篱笆、崖壁、片林等21种不同类型的乡村生境中。分析发现,影响乡野杂草分布的主要环境因子为光照强度和土壤含水量,丰富多样的乡村生境类型为乡野杂草生长提供了多样化水热组合条件,而乡村生境多样性的维持与乡村生产生活方式密切相关。【结论】基于实证研究结果,在分析乡野杂草多样性维持机制的基础上,提出5项乡野杂草多样性保护策略：1）合理布局“三生”空间;2）修复重建“丘-田-林-塘-居”单元;3）保护乡村小微生境及构建立体生境网络;4）选用乡野杂草恢复乡村植被;5）传承传统乡村生态智慧。     

乡村人工林下草本植物对节肢动物多样性的影响

【目的】造林工程是一种解决环境问题的重要方法,已在中国乃至全球范围内乡村地区广泛实施。人工林树种单一化对生物多样性的负面影响一直备受热议,而林下草本植物与其他类群多样性的关系也亟待探索。【方法】在北京乡村平原造林区调查人工林中的植物及3类与乡村、农业相关的节肢动物功能群（传粉昆虫野生蜂、自然天敌地表蜘蛛与步甲）的数量和多样性,分析草本植物对这3类节肢动物多样性的影响。 【结果】 12个随机选取的人工林中8个为纯林,其余为有2~4种树种的简单混交林,树种单一化现象普遍。林下草本植物丰富度与野生蜂多度、步甲物种丰富度显著正相关,草本植物盖度与步甲多度、物种丰富度显著正相关。【结论】在树种单一化的人工林中,可以通过维护和提高林下草本植物多样性,加强乡村人工林的生物多样性保护作用与生态系统服务功能。     

基于Maxent模型的深圳湾鸟类热点生境 判别及修复研究

鸟类热点生境判别对于掌握鸟类空间分布格局、 识别保护空缺及指引生境修复策略具有科学价值。采用最大 熵模型确定深圳湾2000与2020年的鸟类热点生境,分析鸟 类生境的变化及其与景观格局演变的关系。结果表明：1)各 环境因子对不同生态类群的鸟类影响程度各不相同,除鸣禽 以外水源距离对其他类群鸟类的影响较大,其次为高程和 年降水量;2)2020年深圳湾的鸟类热点生境占总研究区的 3%(22km2),呈现从自然保护区向城市内陆逐渐减少的趋 势,存在2km2的保护空缺;3)20年间深圳湾鸟类的热点生 境减少了7%,热点生境下降的地区主要集中在深圳湾沿海滩 涂、香港山贝河与屯门河流域中,且猛禽与游禽的生境退化最 为严重;4)鸟类热点生境面积随斑块的数量、密度、形状与用 地类型等景观指数的增加而降低,景观破碎化和景观连通性降 低是导致鸟类生境退化的主要原因。研究为深圳湾鸟类多样性 保护及生境修复提供了参考,对粤港澳大湾区协同生态保护与 城市建设的关系具有重要意义。     

城市“撤回”计划与开放空间恢复——《生态城市伯克利》的启示

在当今城市规划建设中,开放空间建设与恢复大都囿于城市现状,瑞杰斯特在《生态城市伯克利:为一个健康的未来建设城市》一书中通过"为伯克利制定一个生态城市战略"提出了一些颇为大胆的设想与有益的建议。对该战略构想进行了深入的研读与解析,并总结了其在城市开放空间建设与恢复方面所给予的5点启示:了解城市自然史,重视生物多样性价值,认识到自然恢复的长期性,构建自然系统的完整性,考虑建设用地的系统撤回。     

Habitat translocation,rebuilding biodiversity and no net loss of biodiversity

Recent reviews of the priority policy options and research needs for nature conservation have identified the importance of new land use policies for restoring and rebuilding biodiversity including habitat banking, ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity, restoring flood plain functionality and ecologically coherent networks. Such policies are usually delivered by habitat creation, habitat restoration and habitat enhancement. Habitat translocation is another mechanism that can contribute to the delivery of these policies. Habitats can be restored and created by translocating ecological resources from sites as part of ongoing habitat management, where habitat diversity or early successional habitats are required. Habitat translocation can be used to salvage ecological features and their associated ecosystem services from sites for consented or permitted development projects. Critical success factors for translocation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats are identified. New policy issues and research topics relating to habitat translocation are proposed.     

重庆主城区山地公园林缘边缘效应的研究

以重庆主城区山地公园林缘的光照、湿度、温度和植物多样性为研究对象,采用样带研究法,分析和探讨其林缘生境的光照、湿度、温度和植物梯度变化规律.发现山地公园光照从缘外到缘内呈现出骤减-缓慢下降-基本不变的梯度变化规律;空气湿度从缘外到缘内逐渐增高,白天温度与光照变化规律成正相关;植物多样性从缘外到缘内表现出先增加后减少的特性;初步得出重庆主城区山地公园林缘边缘效应宽度基本在6～14m之间波动,且边界木缘外3m到缘内2m是边缘效应强度值最大的区域.提出山地公园林缘植物配置应遵循从缘外到缘内依次配置阳性、半阴性、耐阴和阴生植物这一规律.     

Are marron,Cherax tenuimanus (Crustacea: Decapoda), populations in irrigation reservoirs habitat limited? A trial using artificial habitats

Many valleys in Western Australia have been dammed to provide irrigation and potable water. To minimize the risks of outlet blockages, basins have been cleared of vegetation and rocky outcrops during construction. As a result, dam basins contain limited numbers of aquatic habitats, being dominated by sandy and muddy substrata. Nonetheless, endemic crayfishes (especially marron, Cherax tenuimanus) and three introduced species of fishes support large recreational fisheries in irrigation reservoirs. Recently, it has been shown that Perca fluviatilis (red‐fin perch) imposes an extremely high mortality on C. tenuimanus in reservoirs, with the result that marron populations might be below reservoir‐carrying capacity. To test this hypothesis, three types of artificial habitats (pipes, tiles, mesh) that mimic natural habitat types were placed into a reservoir and their use by C. tenuimanus was assessed. As C. tenuimanus is an annual brooder, releasing young during November and December, the effects of artificial habitats on biomass concentration and productivity can be differentiated. The study results showed that C. tenuimanus rapidly populated artificial habitats (concentration effects). Small, newly recruited C. tenuimanus also utilized the pipe and tile habitats (productivity effects). The addition of these types of habitats increased the suitability of the reservoir for the studied C. tenuimanus population, increasing productivity, probably via reduction of teleost predation. The increased productivity of the C. tenuimanus population might, in turn, increase the productivity and sustainability of the recreational marron fishery. Other aquatic species, including a biofilm community, also utilized the artificial habitats, increasing the species richness in the dam. Due to the success of the current study, large artificial habitats have been installed into two irrigation reservoirs in order to increase recreational marron fishing and conservation values.     

Identification of the bacterial biodiversity in koumiss by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and species-specific polymerase chain reaction

Bacterial biodiversity in traditional koumiss fermented milk was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Target DNA bands were identified according to the reference species ladder, constructed in this study. Comigrating bands present in the DGGE profiles were resolved by species-specific PCR. The results revealed a novel bacterial profile and extensive bacterial biodiversity in koumiss. The dominant lactic acid bacteria included Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens. Frequently encountered bacterial species were Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus kitasatonis, and Lactobacillus kefiri. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus jensenii were occasionally found in this product. In addition, L. buchneri, L. jensenii, and L. kitasatonis, which were never previously isolated by culture-dependent methods, were identified for the first time in the Xinjiang koumiss. Furthermore, conventional cultivation was performed by plating samples on M17, de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe, Halligan-Pearce, and Kenner fecal media. The results revealed that lactobacilli were the dominant species in the koumiss ecosystem, which was consistent with the results obtained by the DGGE analysis. This is the first systematic study of the microbial composition in koumiss, and our findings will be helpful in selecting appropriate strains for the manufacture of this product at the industrial level.