靳辅的治河理论和实践研究

康熙十六年(1677年)三月起,靳辅在任河道总督期间,黄河、淮河、运河治理取得明显的成效,黄河回归故道,淮河出流顺畅,漕运也畅通无阻。靳辅认为,治河必须通盘考虑,视河道、运河为一体,进行全面治理,才能长治久安。靳辅的治河思想虽然继承了潘季驯的理论,但又有所发挥。靳辅治河思想和工程的不足在于:一是没有考虑减少黄河泥沙来源问题,对徐州以上河南黄河修防也不够注意;二是和潘季驯一样,未能解决好淮水出路问题,使下河地区成为实际上的分蓄洪区,长年饱受内涝之苦。     

长江大保护与流域生态学

长江经济带发展的基本点是"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"。在梳理了长江流域主要生态环境问题基础上,从长江大保护的核心是统筹山水林田湖草、山水林田湖草生命共同体即是流域生态系统、流域生态系统是典型的集合生态系统的角度,论述了长江大保护与流域生态学的关系,并从科学研究、规划管理及教育宣传等方面展开思考提出建议,为实现长江大保护的国家需求提供服务。     

日本中小河流风险区域图制作方法

基于日本2005年针对中小河流制定的洪水淹没风险区域图制作指南,对日本中小河流洪水 淹没区域风险图的制作进行了较详细的介绍,其中归纳了其所需资料、洪水淹没分析方法和淹没区域 风险区域图的具体制作,对我国山区河流洪水风险区域图编制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

城镇河道景观规划设计研究——以都江堰博物馆园区河道景观设计为例

河道景观是城镇振兴的重要资源,开发河道景观对于提升城市环境质量、丰富城市景观内容、促进城市社会经济发展具有重要价值。自20世纪60年代环境改造运动兴起以来,城镇河道景观资源的开发受到普遍重视。出于对防洪、灌溉、航运、城市排水等因素的考虑,我国的城镇河道景观资源开发设计工作起步较晚,并且已有的河道景观开发大都千篇一律,流于形式。总结以往河道景观设计的经验教训,结合都江堰博物馆园区河道景观设计实践,提出城镇河道景观设计的思路和方法。     

城市河流水利风景资源开发研究

城市河流水利风景资源开发具有积极的现实意义,是当地城市旅游的重要组成部分之一。在对水利风景资源进行分类的基础上,构建了城市河流水利风景资源开发评价体系。以广东省肇庆市西江三峡为案例,进行了城市河流水利风景资源开发实证研究。     

鄱阳湖湖区及五河七口DEM制作

阐述了在ArcGis平台上利用数字地形图生产鄱阳湖湖区及五河七口DEM制作的方法.     

分汊型河道水流运动特性和污染物输移规律研究进展

对分汊型河道的水流运动特性和污染物输移扩散规律的相关研究进行综述,分别从分汊型河道中分汊口、交汇口、整个分汊河道的水流特性及分汊型河道中的污染物输移特性等4个方面进行总结。介绍分汊口和交汇口处的水流从其能量损失、水位变化、水流分离等一维、二维过流特征到三维流动结构和紊动特性的研究过程;从野外现场试验、室内物理模型试验和数学模型模拟等角度出发阐述了整个分汊河道的水流特性;认为污染物在分汊河道中的输运规律研究主要集中在数值模拟上,并进行了回顾和分析;提出分汊河道水流水质输移特性研究中一些有待深入探究的问题,尤其亟待加强不同排放方式、不同污染物密度和不同分汊形态下污染物输移机制的试验研究。     

Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1‐m length, ≥10‐cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean‐climate, medium‐sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km^‐1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW‐redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a new indicator of pollutant loads and its application to the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Pollutant load reductions are often required to restore aquatic ecosystems experiencing eutrophication. Loads can be estimated using watershed models or data from monitoring stations, however data availability can limit the timeliness or comprehensiveness of the load estimates. We developed an approach to address this challenge that used watershed model results to estimate the proportion of annual nonpoint source nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sediment (Sed) loads derived from unmonitored catchments. This proportion was multiplied by the nonpoint portion of United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated annual river loads to account for annual variation in hydrologic conditions. Total loads were calculated as the sum of measured river loads, reported point sources from unmonitored areas and the estimated nonpoint source loads from unmonitored catchments. We applied this approach to the Chesapeake Bay because of its socio‐economic and ecological importance. Median watershed loads for N, P and Sed were 140, 6.4 and 3030 Mg year^?1, respectively (1990–2004). Nonpoint source loads from the monitored areas constituted the greatest source of N, P and Sed (55, 47 and 74% respectively) to the Bay. The high N, P and Sed yield rates (7.3, 0.38 and 99 kg ha^?1 year^?1, respectively) from nonpoint loads originating from unmonitored areas near the Bay resulted in 25, 32 and 26% (N, P and Sed, respectively) of the Bay's total loads (excluding direct atmospheric deposition, shoreline erosion and oceanic inputs). Disproportionately high loads of P and Seds were associated with years that experienced elevated discharge whereas N loads were directly related to discharge. Error estimates indicated that our methods were most reliable for N (±6%) but reasonable for P (±22%) and provide an effective technique for the timely estimation of pollutant loads from watersheds with unmonitored catchments. Management strategies that decrease N deposition and reduce runoff to control P and Sed transport will effectively reduce pollutant loads. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维编织复合材料紧固件剪切强度预报

建立了三维缎纹编织复合材料代表性体积单元(RVE)和紧固件剪切试件模型,引入周期性边界条件,建立了材料的宏观力学性能预报方法,并采用跨尺度计算方法对不同受载角度下的紧固件剪切破坏过程进行了有限元模拟。进行了三维缎纹编织复合材料紧固件的剪切试验,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了本方法的可行性。分析了不同受载角度对剪切破坏模式及强度的影响,结果表明,该编织复合材料剪切强度随受载角度增大而降低,且具有不同的损伤起始位置和扩展过程。