硫酸水对方解石和白云石矿物的溶蚀作用

结合自然界实际存在的特殊岩溶现象,对硫酸水的产生及其对方解石、白云石溶蚀的水化学机理进行了分析。认为金属硫化矿物氧化、酸雨、工业污水排放以及火山活动、岩浆入侵、热液作用等均可产生硫酸,这些硫酸与天然水混合后形成硫酸水。通过模拟计算显示水中1mol硫酸可溶解方解石1.80~2.12mol或白云石0.92~1.09 mol。分析该反应过程的水化学作用包括H+的作用、次生CO2、盐效应、同离子效应、离子对的作用、白云石化和去白云石化作用等。硫酸水存在的岩溶区岩溶发育异常强烈,而大的溶蚀空隙又加剧了地下水的循环交替作用,混合后的水对碳酸盐岩常具有较强侵蚀性,这两种作用均可促使岩溶进一步发育。     

Characterization of two distinctly different mineral-related proteins from the teeth of the Camarodont sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: Specificity of function with relation to mineralization

The majority of the mineral phase of the Lytechinus variegatus tooth is comprised of magnesium containing calcite crystal elements, collectively arranged so that they appear as a single crystal under polarized light, as well as under X-ray or electron irradiation. However, the crystal elements are small, and in spite of the common alignment of their crystal axes, are not the same size or shape in different parts of the tooth. The toughness of the tooth structure arises from the fact that it is a composite in which the crystals are coated with surface layers of organic matter that probably act to inhibit crack formation and elongation. In the growth region the organic components represent a greater part of the tooth structure. In the most heavily mineralized adoral region the primary plates fuse with inter-plate pillars. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy; TOF-SIMS mapping of the characteristic amino acids of the mineral related proteins; and isolation and characterization of the mineral-protected protein we report that the late-forming inter-plate pillars had more than a three-fold greater Mg content than the primary plates. Furthermore, the aspartic acid content of the mineralrelated protein was highest in the high Mg pillars whereas the mineral-protected protein of the primary plates was richer in glutamic acid content.These results suggest that the Asp-rich protein(s) is important for formation of the late developing inter-plate pillars that fuse the primary plates and increase the stiffness of the most mature tooth segment. Supported by NIDCR Grant DE R01-01374 to AV.     

Anisotropic nanowire growth via a self-confined amorphous template process: A reconsideration on the role of amorphous calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate crystals with various morphologies have been found in a variety of biospecimens and artificially synthesized structures. Usually, the diversity in morphology can be attributed to different types of interactions between the specific crystal faces and the environment or the templates used for the growth of CaCO₃ crystals. On the other hand, isotropic amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) has been recognized as the precursor of other crystalline calcium carbonate forms for both in vivo and in vitro systems. However, here we propose a self-confined amorphous template process leading to the anisotropic growth of single-crystalline calcite nanowires. Initiated by the assembly of precipitated nanoparticles, the calcite nanowires grew via the continuous precipitation of partly crystallized ACC nanodroplets onto their tips. Then, the crystalline domains in the tip, which were generated from the partly crystallized nanodroplets, coalesced in the interior of the nanowire to form a single-crystalline core. The ACC domains were left outside and spontaneously formed a protective shell to retard the precipitation of CaCO₃ onto the side surface of the nanowire and thus guided the highly anisotropic growth of nanowires as a template.

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On Increase in Efficiency of Luminescent Concentration of Mineral Raw Material

The ways are considered for increasing the efficiency of luminescent separation of many types of mineral raw material due to the presence of calcite in them. The versatility of luminescent method for mineral raw material separation is shown by studying apatite-calcite ore beneficiation.     

DIAGENETIC EVOLUTION OF INCISED CHANNEL SANDSTONES: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION OF THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS MARAR FORMATION, GHADAMES BASIN, WESTERN LIBYA

This paper assesses the diagenetic history of potential fluvial hydrocarbon reservoir rocks deposited within incised valley systems of the Lower Carboniferous Marar Formation in western Libya. Outcrop data were collected in the Tinedhan Anticline, located at the southern margin of the Ghadames Basin. Four discrete intervals with channelized sandstones were identified in a section dominated by alternating offshore mudstones and shallow-marine clastics. The incised channels were cut during major sea-level lowstands, and filled by fluvial sandstone packages up to 50 m thick. Fifty-eight samples from four different localities, representing three lowstand systems tracts, were analysed to obtain a statistically meaningful mineralogical and compositional dataset. In addition to burial compaction, three main diagenetic events influenced the reservoir quality of the sandstones. Firstly, early eodiagenesis involved kaolinitization of plagioclase grains. This began before subsequent calcite cementation, probably as a result of flushing by meteoric pore-waters. The deformation of kaolinite during later compaction resulted in the formation of pseudomatrix which further reduced porosity and permeability. Kaolinite is commonly transformed to illite at temperatures above 140°C in the presence of K-feldspar. Although K-feldspar was recorded in the samples, no illite was observed, suggesting that the Lower Carboniferous strata in the study area were not buried in excess of approximately 3.5 km. The second diagenetic phase was the precipitation of calcite cement, present either dispersed throughout the sandbodies or as concretions up to 2 m across, in both cases reducing reservoir quality. The high intergranular volumes (IGV) of calcite-cemented sandstones (ranging between 35% and 40%) suggest that cementation occurred at burial depths of <500 m. Sandstones without calcite cement have lower IGV of between 17% and 25% as a result of mechanical and chemical compaction. Stable C and O isotope analysis of the calcite cement also supports precipitation at shallow burial depths, indicating a meteoric pore-water source for the calcite. The third and final diagenetic stage was partial chloritisation of kaolinite during meso-diagenesis. The elevated temperatures required for this transformation indicate burial to a minimum depth of approximately 2.5 km, which is consistent with the compaction data. Despite these diagenetic effects, the fluvial sandstones have an average porosity of 12%, with a range from 0.5% up to 25%. Permeability measurements on four sandstone samples indicate that the development of pseudomatrix did not reduce permeability significantly.     

超声空化作用对方解石浮选行为的影响研究

研究了超声空化作用对水玻璃和 NaOL 体系下方解石浮选行为的影响。 试验条件范围内,原被抑制的 方解石随着超声声强的增加、超声时间的延长,浮选回收率不断提高;高的超声声强还可提高方解石的浮选速率。 经 超声频率 40 kHz、超声声强 0. 56 W / cm2、超声时间 15 min 处理后,方解石的浮选回收率可由 8. 50%提高到 82. 73%。 对超声处理前后浮选溶液中水玻璃及 NaOL 含量测定发现,超声处理后浮选溶液中水玻璃含量增加、NaOL 含量减少, 超声空化作用能使方解石表面水玻璃脱附,空出的吸附位点再被 NaOL 吸附。 接触角测量结果表明,超声处理能使水 玻璃和 NaOL 体系下方解石表面接触角增大,疏水性增强。 研究结果可以提供一种新的调控方解石矿物表面疏水性 的方法。     

块状水钙铝榴石玉的点状绿研究及其鉴别

极椐显微镜下、红外光谱和Ｘ射线衍射的研究，表明块状水钙铝榴石玉的主要矿物成分是水钙铝榴石，并有含量不等的透辉石和方解石等。它的折射率为１．７２０左右，相对密度为３．４０～３．５０。在水钙铝榴石矿物中分布有密集程度不等的点状绿，这些点状绿多呈圆形或泪滴状，其第径约为０．１～１．０ｍｍ。每个点头绿的中心都有大小为０．０１～０．５０ｍｍ的黑斑。多数黑斑中心由一个黑点组成，但也有由璜工两个以上的黑点构成。     

微生物加固路基强度及稳定性

微生物诱导沉积碳酸钙沉积技术(MICP,Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation)是利用岩土层中的细菌微生物,在人为诱导作用下,生成具有胶结作用的碳酸盐沉淀,附着于岩土层间隙内,用于改善岩土层的强度,增强地基稳定性。利用MICP技术加固福建标准砂,进行不同围压下的三轴试验,结果表明,标准砂加固前后黏聚力的提高值为60.1kPa。利用Plaxis软件模拟高速公路路基加固技术,通过MICP诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术对高速公路路基加固,改变岩土体基本性能,利用强度折减法模拟在MICP技术加固前后路基的强度及稳定性变化,稳定性系数由1.096增大为1.827,高速公路路基经过MICP加固后,稳定性大大提高,边坡破坏面由坡脚移动至坡面。     

Characteristics of precipitated calcium carbonate by hydrothermal and carbonation processes with mega-crystalline calcite using rotary microwave kiln

In the conventional kiln, mega-crystalline calcite (m-CC) breaks apart easily during calcinations, and cannot be easily converted to CaO due to that it requiring a lot of heat. In this study, m-CC was calcined to CaO of around 1 mm using the rotary microwave kiln. Furthermore, CaCO₃ was produced by the carbonation process and hydrothermal process, and the form of CaCO₃ was characterized.Calcination of m-CC using the rotary microwave kiln resulted in CaO (97 wt%) of relatively fine size.CaCO₃ of colloidal-shaped and 6 μm in size could be prepared by applying the carbonation process to Ca(OH)₂ using a bubble reactor at 25 °C. As the carbonation temperature increased from 25 to 80 °C, the shape of prepared CaCO₃ changed from a colloidal-type to spindle-type of 1 μm due to self-assembly. Also, hexagonal-shaped aragonite could be prepared by the hydrothermal process with the supersaturated Ca(HCO₃)₂ solutions.     

Rapid Carbonation for Calcite from a Solid-Liquid-Gas System with an Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid

Aqueous carbonation of Ca(OH)₂ is a complex process that produces calcite with scalenohedral calcite phases and characterized by inadequate carbonate species for effective carbonation due to the poor dissolution of CO₂ in water. Consequently, we report a solid-liquid-gas carbonation system with an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, in view of enhancing the reaction of CO₂ with Ca(OH)₂. The use of the IL increased the solubility of CO₂ in the aqueous environment and enhanced the transport of the reactive species (Ca²⁺ and CO₃²⁻) and products. The presence of the IL also avoided the formation of the CaCO₃ protective and passivation layer and ensured high carbonation yields, as well as the production of stoichiometric rhombohedral calcite phases in a short time.