隧道埋深及开挖方法对于二衬支护时机的影响

为了研究隧道埋深和施工方法对二衬支护时机的影响,以广梧高速公路牛车顶隧道为工程背景,建立数值计算模型,分别改变隧道埋深和施工方法,得到相应的隧道二衬支护时机.结果表明：通过数值计算,可定量得到二衬及掌子面之间的允许距离和埋深的关系;当埋深较小时,二衬与掌子面的允许距离随着埋深的增加而增加;当埋深超过某一限值时,隧道二衬与掌子面的允许距离基本不变;开挖工法对二衬与掌子面间的允许距离影响比较显著,而对仰拱与掌子面的允许距离影响很小.随着开挖断面分部的增加,开挖对围岩的扰动减小,因而可以适当延缓构筑二衬时机.若选取Ⅲ级围岩中的全断面开挖法作为参考基准,则围岩中二衬与掌子面的允许距离将由于选择不同工法需进行修正,相应的修正值为：全断面法1.0,上下台阶法和中隔壁法均为1.5.     

自适应隧道节能专用系统的设计与实现

针对目前山区高速公路隧道普遍面临的供电质量比较差、供电电压波动大和没有自动适应洞外光照自动调节的问题,设计了自适应隧道专用节能系统.该系统通过对主变压器和末端设备进行智能二级联动稳压,以及采用自适应的洞內光照调节技术、功率因数自动补偿等技术,在满足隧道照明设计规范的前提下,较好的解决了山区高速公路隧道照明运营成本和隧道安全之间的矛盾,实现稳压和智能调控的节能目标。     

圆柱形建筑双幕墙结构的内部风效应

对圆柱形建筑双幕墙进行了多参数对比风洞试验,研究了圆弧双幕墙结构风致平均内压的空间分布特性,阐述了廊道内平均风压的分布机理,给出了风致平均内压的理论估算方法,并与试验结果进行对比,吻合较好.研究表明:圆弧型双幕墙在背风向时,廊道内的平均风压非常均匀,其风致平均内压的分布受外幕墙开孔率、廊道间距和来流风速的影响很小;而在迎风向和侧风向时,廊道内的平均风压分布不均匀,其风致平均内压的分布随开孔率和来流风速的增大、廊道间距的减小变得越来越不均匀.     

Characterization of Pheromone Blend for Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana by Using Flight Track Recording

The behavioral responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females, pheromone gland extracts, and synthetic sex pheromones were recorded in a wind tunnel. Gland extracts and synthetic pheromones were released from a pheromone evaporator. The numbers of males reaching the source and their flight tracks in response to calling females and pheromone gland extracts were compared to those of synthetic blends. Upwind flights to natural sex pheromone were straighter and faster than to a three-component blend of (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7,Z9–12:Ac), (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol (E7,Z9–12:OH), and (Z)-9-docecenyl acetate (Z9–12:Ac) (100:20:5). The optimum ratio of E7,Z9–12:OH and Z9–12:Ac to E7,Z9–12:Ac was found to be 5% and 1%, respectively. An additional seven compounds identified in the sex pheromone gland were investigated for their biological activity. Two unsaturated acetates, i.e., (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:Ac) and 11-dodecenyl acetate (11–12:Ac), increased the number of males reaching the source as well as straightness, linear velocity, and decreased the track angle of upwind flight. Optimum response was obtained by releasing 10 pg/min E7,Z9–12:Ac in a mixture with 0.5 pg/min E7,Z9–12:OH, 0.1 pg/min Z9–12:Ac, 0.1 pg/min E9– 12:Ac and 1 pg/min 11-12–Ac. The saturated acetates previously identified in the female glands were biologically inactive.     

Chemical characterization of fruit and fungal volatiles attractive to dried-fruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

The chemical basis underlying orientation to fruit and fungal odors was investigated for the dried-fruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.). In wind-tunnel bioassays of walking and flight response from 1.8 m, beetles were attracted to odors of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae on agar, aseptic banana, or banana inoculated withS. cerevisiae, although both banana substrates elicited greater response than the yeast alone. When presented in a two-choice bioassay, the yeast-inoculated banana attracted approximately twice as many beetles as did the aseptic banana. GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles above these odor sources revealed a somewhat more complex and concentrated volatile profile for yeast-inoculated banana than for aseptic banana. The odor from yeast on agar had fewer components, and these were present at lower concentrations than the odors of either banana substrate. By blending mineral-oil or aqueous solutions of the 18 components of inoculated-banana odor in varying concentrations, it was possible to mimic closely the headspace profile of the natural odor. This synthetic odor also elicited beetle attraction in the wind tunnel at levels comparable to the inoculated banana. Through a series of bioassays in which individual components were subtracted from or added to a synthetic odor blend, it was determined that ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 2-pentanol, and 3-methylbutanol comprised the simplest blend of compounds evoking full behavioral response. However, 2-methylpropanol or butanol were apparently interchangeable with 3-methylbutanol in this blend, and comparable response could also be elicited by replacing acetaldehyde with a combination of both 2-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Thus, our results suggest that this generalist insect herbivore locates its hosts by a long-range response to a variety of blends of common fruit volatiles, whose concentrations are enhanced by fungi.     

The impact of CCT on driving safety in the normal and accident situation: A VR-based experimental study

Correlated color temperature (CCT) of the light source inside the road tunnel plays a crucial role in ensuring driving safety, which is demonstrated by previous studies that CCT influences not only visual effects but also non-visual effects. Although conventional laboratory experiments could simulate the CCT environment inside the tunnel to some extent, they fail to restore driving experience, let alone simulate driving behavior in the accident situation. It has largely remained unclear whether and how CCT would influence visual/non-visual performance of the subjects who are performing driving tasks, especially in the accident situation. Motivated by this gap, a virtual-reality-based framework for assessing the influence of CCT on the visual and non/visual performance in normal driving situation and in accident situation was proposed. In this study, tunnel models under seven different CCTs were created and a rear-end accident was designed in the tunnel. By integrating analog driving equipment, all participants were required to perform virtual driving tasks both in the normal situation and in the accident situation. The non-visual performance (driving fatigue) and the visual performance (reaction time) of the participants were collected and analyzed. Results show that the CCT of light source inside the tunnel was significant on the driving fatigue of the driver who was performing driving task, and it also had a significant impact on the visual performance when the driver was faced with a rear-end accident. Detailed experimental methodology, behavioral explanations underlying these findings, validity of results and practical implications are also discussed in the paper.     

计量用低速风洞结构参数仿真研究

为准确分析风洞结构参数对所产生的风场稳定性的影响规律,以现有低速风洞为蓝本,通过改变其试验段结构参数建立多个不同参数试验模型;采用ansys CFD对建立的多个新模型进行结构流体仿真,对仿真结果进行数据拟合,找出风洞收缩段曲线结构参数变化对试验段轴向风速梯度和法向风速均匀性的影响;仿真实验结果表明,试验段法向中心面的有效试验区的均匀性系数随着收缩段长度增加而减小,到一定程度趋于稳定,风洞模型在L＞ 23 cm后风场均匀性系数基本处于稳定,试验段前半段的风速轴向梯度明显大于后半段的风速轴向梯度,有效试验区域多集中在后半段,风洞模型中轴向有效试验区域x＞(10～15) cm,可以为风洞的设计提供可靠参考.     

大型风洞PIV粒子发生装置研制

示踪粒子量不足是制约大型风洞PIV试验的关键和难点问题,结合大型风洞的实际情况,通过原理设计、分析计算和试验验证,成功研制了基于加热蒸发原理的大流量粒子发生器,并应用到了大量的工程实践中;结果表明,在大型风洞PIV试验中,采用经济性好的油基材料加热蒸发的方式,可持续、足量、均匀地供应示踪粒子,是一种较好的粒子产生方式;另外,在粒子发生装置设计时,应充分考虑实际所需粒子流量,并针对选择的粒子材料的理化特性开展计算分析.     

环境模拟风洞高压动力系统设计研究

为实现环境模拟风洞风速性能指标,对动力系统进行了设计;介绍了环境模拟风洞的气动轮廓构型,阐述了动力系统的工作原理,包括主驱动回路、散热辅助系统和控制系统,给出了10 kV 4 MW动力电机的计算选型过程并分析了电机特性曲线;采用高压变频器实现了动力系统的调速驱动,通过48脉冲整流完美无谐波矢量变频实现高品质的电能利用;通过基于Modbus TCP现场总线协议,实现了主控计算机、本地控制系统的实时通讯和数据交互,给出了控制系统软件工作流程;通过不同构型风洞喷口试验,分析研究了最大风速和极端温度负荷工况条件下,轴功率随试验温度的变化关系、电机温升特性以及稀油站供油压力与轴升的关系;实验测试结果表明,本系统对于环境模拟风洞有较好的风速、温度匹配性能,对于开展相关实验具有优良环境适应性.     

基于内置接头参数数组的整环衬砌模型结构分析

为在整环衬砌结构分析中正确体现管片接头参数的复杂特性,通过表格型数组将管片接头参数内置于整环衬结构分析的程序中。经迭代计算,实现了管片接头三维非线性参数在整环衬砌分析中的全面应用。研究表明：这种将接头参数和整环衬砌整合在同一程序的算法,不但结果可靠而且运算速度更快;管片接头的抗弯刚度、接缝张开量、混凝土最大压应变、螺栓拉应力都将随着拼装方式、接头位置、外部荷载而改变,不适合单一取值;该模型不仅能分析整环受力和变形,而且能评价各管片接头的安全状态。