回龙山大坝空蚀破坏问题的试验研究

回龙山大坝挑流鼻坎因体型的原因，导致泄流时产生严重的空蚀破坏。通过模型试验，分析了鼻坎１９９５ 年泄流的水力学条件，进而搞清空蚀破坏的原因。以超空化理论为基点，对鼻坎的体型进行了优化研究。     

三峡电站排沙孔工作门区及通气管道空化特性研究

针对三峡电站排沙孔工作门区及通气管道设计体型,通过减压模型试验研究了通气孔分流对高流速有压泄水段空化特性的影响。成果表明:在通气孔节制阀全开时,通气孔底部出口区会产生强烈的蒸汽型空化,而节制阀区无蒸汽型空化发生;在通气孔节制阀半开或全关时,上述两部位的空化强度大大降低,基本上无空蚀破坏的危险性。为保证高流速有压泄水建筑物安全可靠的运行,工程上要避免该部位出现分流设计。     

EFFECTS OF ENTRAINED AIR MANNER ON CAVITATION DAMAGE

Early in 1953 the experiments by Peterka proved that air entrainment has effects on decreasing cavitation damage.This technology has been widely used in the release works of high dams since the inception of air entrainment in the Grand Goulee Dam in 1960.Behavior,mechanism and application of air entrainment for cavitation damage control have been investigated for over half century.However,severe cavitation damage happened due to complex mechanism of air entrainment.The effects of air entrainment are related...     

带空泡运动航行体的附加质量研究

提出了确定带自然空泡运动物体附加质量的方法.这一方法基于在数值水洞中作摇荡运动物体的水动力计算, 包括两个主要步骤:首先采用CFD技术模拟空泡流场,求解水动力;然后根据物体运动方程,由水动力计算出附加质量.研究了带自然空泡圆盘和轴对称细长体的附加质量.计算结果与理论解一致,验证了本文方法的有效性.与切片法相比,本文方法可以更为准确地定量预报带空泡运动轴对称细长体的附加质量.     

LES NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CAVITATION BUBBLE SHEDDING ON ALE 25 AND ALE 15 HYDROFOILS

A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE 15 or ALE 25 at an angle of attack of 8° and cavitation number σ = 2.3 with a 2 × 10⁶, meshing system. With the time-marching, the cavitation bubble gradually grows to a steady lump shape and then produces an irregular small bubble behind the main cavitation bubble, finally shedding from the leading edge of the cloud cavitation structure. The calculated results including velocity field and pressure field are consistent with experiment data at the same Reynolds number and cavitation number. The vortex and reverse flow are observed on the hydrofoil surface.     

Application of signal processing techniques to the detection of tip vortex cavitation noise in marine propeller

The tip vortex cavitation and its relevant noise has been the subject of extensive researches up to now. In most cases of experimental approaches, the accurate and objective decision of cavitation inception is primary, which is the main topic of this paper. Although the conventional power spectrum is normally adopted as a signal processing tool for the analysis of cavitation noise, a faithful exploration cannot be made especially for the cavitation inception. Alternatively, the periodic occurrence of bursting noise induced from tip vortex cavitation gives a diagnostic proof that the repeating frequency of the bursting contents can be exploited as an indication of the inception. This study, hence, employed the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis and the Detection of Envelope Modulation On Noise (DEMON) spectrum analysis, both which are appropriate for finding such a repeating frequency. Through the acoustical measurement in a water tunnel, the two signal processing techniques show a satisfactory result in detecting the inception of tip vortex cavitation.     

不同叶轮形式离心泵压力脉动和空化特性试验研究

压力脉动和空化特性是影响离心泵稳定运行的两个重要因素。针对国内某大型调水工程的立式带导叶离心泵,在保证蜗壳、导叶和叶轮出口直径等设计参数一致的情况下,设计了两种不同形式的模型叶轮,并进行了模型泵的同台试验。两个叶轮的比转速都为106.43,叶片数分别为7和9,叶轮流道、叶型也不相同,其中,对9叶片叶轮叶片进口边进行了"C形"修型。结果表明,两种叶轮形式离心泵内部压力脉动的频率成分及其分布特性类似,总体上都为叶片通过频率及其谐频,且该频率的压力脉动能通过叶轮流道逆水流方向向进口端传播。叶轮形式对压力脉动幅值的影响比较显著,相比7叶片叶轮,9叶片叶轮的压力脉动幅值降低了10%以上。同时,对叶片进口边修型后,初生空化得到有效延迟,设计流量点附近的临界空化余量下降约10%。适当提高叶片数与叶片进口边修型可显著提高离心泵空化性能。     

The inception cavitating flows over an axisymmetric body with a blunt head-form

The inception cavitating flows around a blunt body are studied based on flow visualizations and velocity field measurements. The main purpose of the present work is to study the incipient cavity evolution and the interplay between the inception cavitation and the local turbulent flows. A high-speed video camera is used to visualize the cavitating flow structures, and the particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique is used to measure the velocity field, the vorticity, and the Reynolds stresses under non-cavitating and inception cavitating flow conditions. It is found that the appearance of visible cavities is preceded by the formation of a cluster of micro-bubbles not attached to the body surface and in a hairpin-shaped vortex structure. During its evolution, the cavity moves downstream with a lower speed. The effect of the incipient cavity is significant on the local vortical structures but slight on the timeaveraged velocity distribution. The mean Reynolds stress distributions in the turbulent shear flow can be substantially altered by the incipient cavities. The presence of the incipient cavities can lead to the production of turbulent fluctuations.     

苗家坝水电站溢洪洞掺气设施的试验研究

针对溢洪洞掺气槽的位置、体型以及渐变段的体型进行了5个大方案的试验研究和论证分析,提出的推荐方案具有流态好、便于施工、空腔水舌稳定、掺气槽内无积水及掺气浓度较大等优点,解决了溢洪洞的掺气问题,满足了设计要求.     

对不同空化模型的比较研究

目前关于水工建筑物中的空蚀破坏力的研究主要采用模型试验和数值分析手段,而在数值分析中多采用空化模型进行研究,空化模型的选择对于空化流动的计算有着重要的影响。基于Rayliegh-Plesset方程的空化模型有着广泛的应用,其中比较有代表性的有SchnerrSauer、Singhal及Zwart等空化模型,文章应用这3种空化模型对方头体的空化流动现象进行了定常和非定常数值模拟,其中紊流模型采用sst k-ω模型,并结合商业软件中的UDF方法 (用户自定义函数)对其黏性进行了修正。计算表明,Zwart、SchnerrSauer模型比Singhal空化模型具有更好的鲁棒性,且可观察到明显的空泡运动;SchnerrSauer模型得到的壁面压力系数分布和实验值最为接近;而Singhal模型在非定常计算中,能够获得由质量空化源周期性变化引起的周期性相变过程。