Cracking induced tribological behavior changes for the HVOF WC-12Co cermet coatings

HVOF sprayed WC based cermet coatings have been widely used in industries as barriers against wear and hydrodynamic cavitation due to their high hardness and relatively high toughness. However, cracking of the coatings can occur during coating production or in service, which can reduce operational performances. It can be difficult to assess the performance impact due to cracks within the coating and as to whether the cracked coatings should be resprayed or removed from service. In this work, artificial cracks of different widths were introduced to liquid fuel HVOF sprayed WC-12Co coating through uniaxial tension of the coated steel substrate to assess the implications of such cracking. Tribological performances of the cracked coatings were examined using rubber wheel dry abrasion, ‘ball on disc’ sliding wear, and ultrasonic cavitation erosion. The results show that the crack deteriorates the abrasive wear resistance of the coating at the initial stage due to preferable mass loss at the cracks. However, after 30?min of abrasion, all the cracked coatings showed the same wear rate as compared to the non-cracked coating, with the abrasive wear resistance acting independent to the crack characteristics. Because the cracks could store wear debris and thus minimize the debris induced abrasion to the coating surface during sliding wear test, both improvement in wear resistance and reduction in coefficient of friction (COF) were detected in the cracked coatings. During the cavitation test, it was found that the mass loss of the specimen increased significantly (up to 75%)with crack width and density suggesting that the crack presence greatly deteriorated the cavitation resistance of the cermet coatings.     

声空化强化渗透脱水

引　言渗透脱水是指果蔬在一定温度下 ,放入高渗透压介质中 ,利用膜两边的浓度不同产生的渗透压除去其中部分水分的一种方法 .它是基于天然果蔬细胞壁作为半透膜 ,在渗透脱水中 ,主要存在两个相反过程 ,一方面果蔬中的水分向溶液中传递 ,另一　　方面溶液中的溶质逐渐渗入果蔬 ,最终达到渗透平衡 .渗透脱水可以在较短时间内除去果蔬的水分而不损坏果蔬的组织结构 .从生产的角度来说 ,经渗透脱水的果蔬再进行干燥 ,产品的干燥时间可缩短10 %～ 15 % [1] .通常 ,渗透脱水是一非常缓慢的过程 ,因此在不影响果蔬品质的前提下有必要采用一定方法…     

混流式转轮近下环叶栅水洞实验研究

本文介绍了混流式转轮ＨＬ２２０近下环三组叶栅（圆柱展开的实测直列叶栅、设计叶栅及改进叶栅）的水洞能量和汽性能的实验研究成果，分析了三组叶栅叶型细微差别及其对应的能量汽蚀性能之间的区别，阐述了采用快速、经济的叶栅水洞实验研究来有效改善ＨＬ２２０转轮近下环区域的能量、汽蚀特性的原理和方法。     

FAN工程竖井溢洪道水工模型试验

目前国内竖井泄流消能建筑物主要是结合已建导流隧洞,将临时建筑物加以利用形成永久建筑物,但往往都是作为单独结构进行布置设计,而埃塞俄比亚FAN工程根据工程特点,将土石坝与竖井溢洪道布置成为整体结构,竖井底部连接泄水底孔和坝基泄水管共同穿越大坝,结构布置方式比较新颖.以水工模型试验为手段,并运用相关理论结合试验数据进行分析,综合研究这种特别的竖井结构形式的溢洪道的泄流能力、压力特性、消能、空化空蚀及脉动压力等水力学问题,为该竖井溢洪道安全运行提供依据,以期为国内同类竖井溢洪道工程设计提供新的参考依据.     

水翼剖面多目标粒子群算法优化

船舶螺旋桨及舵均由水翼剖面组成,为了提高桨、舵的水动力性能,需要对水翼进行优化设计,以便得到水动力性能更好的桨及舵。提出一种基于线性权重处理的多目标优化算法,以降低阻升比和改善水翼表面压力分布为优化目标,将其应用到多目标水翼优化中。分别选取不同的攻角、不同翼型和不同的翼型表达函数进行优化设计。优化后得到的新翼型相对于原始翼型,具有低阻生比和较低的最小负压力系数,提高了翼型的升力效率和空泡性能。因此,验证了提出的多目标粒子群算法能够应用到多目标翼型优化设计的可行性。     

Validation of dynamic cavitation model for unsteady cavitating flow on NACA66

Unsteady cavitating flow is extremely complicated and brings more serious damages and unignorable problems compared with steady cavitating flow.CFD has become a practical way to model cavitation;however,the popularly used full cavitation model cannot reflect the pressure-change that the bubble experiences during its life path in the highly unsteady flow like cloud cavitating.Thus a dynamic cavitation model(DCM)is proposed and it has been considered to have not only the first-order pressure effects but also zero-order effect and can provide greater insight into the physical process of bubble producing,developing and collapsing compared to the traditional cavitation model.DCM has already been validated for steady cavitating flow,and the results were reported.Furthermore,DCM is designed and supposed to be more accurate and efficient in modeling unsteady cavitating flow,which is also the purpose of this paper.The basic characteristic of the unsteady cavitating flow,such as the vapor volume fraction distribution and the evolution of pressure amplitude and frequency at different locations of the hydrofoil,are carefully studied to validate DCM.It is found that not only these characteristics mentioned above accord well with the experimental results,but also some detailed transient flow information is depicted,including the re-entrant jet flow that caused the shedding of the cavity,and the phenomenon of two-peak pressure fluctuation in the vicinity of the cavity closure in a cycle.The numerical results validate the capability of DCM for the application of modeling the complicated unsteady cavitating flow.     

西北风沙地区输电导线侵蚀及起晕电压实验模拟研究

针对西北地区风沙侵蚀输电导线现象,研究了导线粗糙度与起晕电压关系,在闭式风道内模拟了输电导线在第一年服役内受强沙尘暴侵蚀过程,并做了侵蚀铝棒的对照实验。用光切显微镜测量了表面粗糙度,电晕笼测量系统测量了起晕电压,再对实验数据插值与拟合处理,分析认为,导线粗糙度随风沙侵蚀呈增大趋势,而起晕电压在试验前期升高,试验中期起伏变化,后期与粗糙度呈负相关关系,即导线起晕电压随着粗糙度增大而降低。     

结构参数对拉伐尔喷管空化特性影响的数值模拟

采用CFD方法模拟水在不同结构参数拉伐尔喷管中的空化流动情况。在一定的操作参数下,采用空化泡动力学模型模拟分析拉伐尔喷管不同入口直径、喉部直径、收缩段长度、扩张段长度、扩张段锥角等结构参数对空化效果的影响,并参照正交试验的方法研究各影响因素与水平之间的关系。结果表明：随着喷管喉部直径的减小,空化区域内的汽含率升高,空化数减小,空化效应增强;入口直径与收缩段长度的改变对喷管空化特性的影响不明显;在一定范围内增大扩张段锥角有利于空化强度的增加,但锥角过大反而抑制空化的进行;扩张段长度的增加可以影响空化产生的区域,但对空化强度影响较小;正交试验结果表明在几个结构参数之中,喉部直径的改变对喷管空化特性的影响最大。     

不同弹性材料空蚀特性试验

在水利工程的泄水建筑物中,弹性材料作为抗空蚀材料具有极为广阔的应用前景,研究空化泡与不同边界材料的相互作用,探索弹性材料抗空蚀的机理,具有明确的现实意义和理论价值。本文通过开展不同弹性材料超声空蚀实验,以宏观和微观角度观察分析不同弹性材料的空蚀特征,研究材料抗空蚀性能的影响因素。其中,弹性材料主要包括216-1硅胶、216-2硅胶、218-1硅胶、218-2硅胶、聚氨酯、软质聚氯乙烯、硬质聚氯乙烯、酚醛层压板、低密聚乙烯、高密聚乙烯、聚酰胺等材料,对应的拉伸弹性模量范围为1-4660MPa。主要得到以下结论：(1)弹性模量1-11MPa的弹性材料在超声空化作用下没有出现空蚀质量损失,另外弹性材料的表面仅有些细小的纹理变化,没有出现破裂或孔洞,表明在这一弹性模量范围的弹性材料具有较好的抗空蚀特性。(2)随着弹性模量增加,不同弹性材料的空蚀破坏特征有较明显的差别,说明此时材料抗空蚀特性与弹性模量的关联性下降,与材料密度、结构等特征有关：高密度、结构致密的材料空蚀质量损失和表面粗糙度变化很少;密度较低、结构稀疏的材料有明显空蚀质量损失和表面粗糙度增加。另外,材料表面缺陷处更容易发生空蚀破坏。研究结论可为弹性抗空蚀材料的研发和应用提供理论支撑。     

Effects of axial circulation and dispersion geometry on the scale‐up of ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides

The ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides (PS) from Ganoderma lucidum, was subjected to a scale‐up study. 0.25 L extractor was used to optimize the extraction conditions toward maximum yield of PS. The extracted PS was observed to be reduced by increasing the scale from 1 to 6 L. To intensify the extraction, axial circulation at different stirring rates was induced and optimized in a 3 L U‐tube extractor. Although circulation at 300 rpm improved the yield of PS for 3 L, introducing dispersion geometry (conical funnel) and adjusting the radiation distance in a 6 L U‐tube extractor further intensified the extraction efficiency. A radiation distance of 4 cm and circulation induced using 600 rpm enhanced the PS as compared to the conventional 6 L extractor. Overall, the scale‐up from 0.25 to 6 L was successful and introducing circulation and dispersion geometry intensified the extraction efficiency under similar dissipation of ultrasonic power. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1483–1491, 2015