调节对象参数和运动特性随工况变化的分析

水轮机调节对象的许多参数都是随运行工况变化的。以调节对象线性化模型为基础，从1个实例计算人手，计算了不同工况下水轮机传递系数和发电机6个参数的变化情况，进而计算这些参数变化对捌节对象特征根的影响。通过汁算表明，其水力振荡衰减速度与出力有关．而系统的其他运动特性随工况变化较小。     

Energetics of Plastic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

The change in the internal energy during uniaxial tensile deformation of austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) was determined by measuring the extent of γ→α'‐martensite transformation and the temperature increase of the samples. From the results the fraction of the stored energy of cold work and the free energy change related to the strain‐induced γ→α'‐martensite transformation were determined. The fraction of stored energy varied around 0.4. With the metastable steel grades the free energy change related to the γ→α'‐martensite transformation was found to vary between ‐98 MJ/m³ and ‐206 MJ/m³ depending on the austenite stability of the steel. Furthermore, the magnitude of the mechanical driving force was estimated by comparing the results with the free energy change of thermally induced transformation.     

Phase-change thermal energy storage using spherical capsules: performance of a test plant

The aim of this paper is the study of an industrial process of energy storage usable for air conditioning or refrigeration, investigating a test plant which is a tank with a reduced size, filled with randomly dispersed commercial nodules, placed in a refrigeration loop. The nodules are spherical capsules in which phase change materials (PCM) are encapsulated. This test plant permits the study at length of the behaviour of the tank with, in particular, the charge mode taking into account the undercooling and the discharge mode. A simulation program that considers aspects of both the surrounding heat transfer fluid and the phase-change material packed inside the nodules is developed here in the cases of the charge and the discharge processes. The simulation results are then compared with experimental observations.     

Using airborne laser scanning to monitor tree migration in the boreal-alpine transition zone

The boreal tree line is expected to advance upwards into the mountains and northwards into the tundra due to global warming. The major objective of this study was to find out if it is possible to use high-resolution airborne laser scanner data to detect very small trees — the pioneers that are pushing the tree line up into the mountains and out onto the tundra. The study was conducted in a sub-alpine/alpine environment in southeast Norway. A total of 342 small trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and downy birch with tree heights ranging from 0.11 to 5.20 m were precisely georeferenced and measured in field. Laser data were collected with a pulse density of 7.7 m^− 2. Three different terrain models were used to process the airborne laser point cloud in order to assess the effects of different pre-processing parameters on small tree detection. Greater than 91% of all trees > 1 m tall registered positive laser height values regardless of terrain model. For smaller trees (< 1 m), positive height values were found in 5-73% of the cases, depending on the terrain model considered. For this group of trees, the highest rate of trees with positive height values was found for spruce. The more smoothed the terrain model was, the larger the portion of the trees that had positive laser height values. The accuracy of tree height derived from the laser data indicated a systematic underestimation of true tree height by 0.40 to 1.01 m. The standard deviation for the differences between laser-derived and field-measured tree heights was 0.11-0.73 m. Commission errors, i.e., the detection of terrain objects — rocks, hummocks — as trees, increased significantly as terrain smoothing increased. Thus, if no classification of objects into classes like small trees and terrain objects is possible, many non-tree objects with a positive height value cannot be separated from those actually being trees. In a monitoring context, i.e., repeated measurements over time, we argue that most other objects like terrain structures, rocks, and hummocks will remain stable over time while the trees will change as they grow and new trees are established. Thus, this study indicates that, given a high laser pulse density and a certain density of newly established trees, it would be possible to detect a sufficient portion of newly established trees over a 10 years period to claim that tree migration is taking place.     

变频调速节能改造方案的经济性评价和比较

本文详细介绍了变频调速节能改造方案的经济性评价方法。静态分析法包括投资回收期法、抵偿年限法和年计算费用法；动态分析法则包括净现值法、内部回收率法、总费用现值法和最小年费用法。     

浅谈不同时期南非政府办公建筑的发展特征

南非的社会发展经历了殖民主义统治时期，种族主义统治时期和民主政府统治时期3个历史阶段。社会体制的变化深深影响了南非建筑的发展。尤其体现在政府办公建筑的形式上，本文按照历史发展的顺序，通过列举实例的方式，分别对这3个时期政府办公建筑的风格与布局牲进行了的探讨。     

按件供应模式应用研究

对进口件（即KD件）按件供应与成组供应模式进行了对比分析，结合按件供应在启动、运行期间的工作特点，对神龙公司按件供应管理模式进行了分析和探讨，分析了KD件按件供应中MRPⅡ与JIT的结合应用以及按件供应模式的信息组织方式，提出了缩短订货期、降低库存、提高市场需求响应度的具体建议，并在实际运用中取得了显著的经济效益和管理效应。     

程控电话交换机过电流保护元件用高性能PTC陶瓷的研制

阐述了高性能ＰＴＣ陶瓷材料制备的基本要点，并以基方固溶体化学组成、原材料选择、复合添加物改性以及特定烧结工艺等方面开展工作，制得了居里温度为９０℃左右、室温体积电阻率为３０Ω·ｃｍ，电阻率突变ρνｍａｘ／ρνｍｉｎ＞１０５、电阻率温度系数α≈１５％／℃、耐电压强度≥１５０Ｖ／ｍｍ的高性能ＰＴＣ陶瓷材料。此材料制得的元件能满足程控电话交换机过电流保护的要求。     

相变存储器存储单元瞬态电流测量

介绍了相变存储单元瞬态电流的测量方法。根据相变存储器的工作特性,利用微弱电流取样电阻测量法,合理选择测量参数测得了相变存储单元的瞬态电流,电阻与电流关系特性曲线和动态电阻。并根据测量电路等效电路模型分析影响测量的因素,估算出电路中的分布电容。     

基于群智感知的街景变化检测方法

移动群智感知数据包含的图像和时空情境信息可用于检测街景图像变化,但是群智感知数据通常是低质和不规范的。为了准确检测街景发生的变化,主要解决由拍摄视角差异引起的数据低质问题。首先,针对大视差问题采用图像配准方法初步对齐图像并提取出配准特征点;然后,基于配准特征点分布从图像中提取感兴趣区域;随后,针对差值图像的误检内容,提出基于面积和多特征点的筛选法去除误检区域;最后,结合边缘检测和超像素分割算法提取完整的变化对象。与MDFNet方法进行比较,实验结果显示：当街景发生变化时,该方法的F1-measure值为55.8%,增长6%,错误率为10.8%,降低24%;当街景无变化时,该方法的错误率为2.8%,下降28%。