变表皮系数试井解释模型建立及应用

目前大部分试井数学模型将表皮系数视为常数,然而这仅是一种简化的处理。在实际生产过程中,注入或产出的流体可能冲刷岩石颗粒或者携带杂质颗粒进入地层,因此表皮系数是随时间变化的。文中将受影响区域的平均渗透率定义为一个时间的函数,利用经典表皮系数的定义,建立了表皮系数与时间的关系式,称之为变表皮系数;将该变表皮系数代替传统试井解释模型内视为常数的表皮系数,建立变表皮系数试井解释数学模型;利用拉普拉斯变换求解出该模型在拉氏空间内的解,并利用Stehfest数值反演计算出实空间的解;做出无量纲井壁压力和压力导数随时间变化的双对数图,并分析了变表皮系数表达式中各参数对无量纲井壁压力及压力导数的影响。文中利用胜利油田胜2区块一口井的实测试井数据进行实例分析,说明了该模型的适用性。     

正菱形双塔楼高层建筑风荷载分布特征

通过风洞试验来研究正菱形双塔楼建筑的风荷载。根据设计软件特点,为将实验结果直接被设计软件所使用,将风压沿截面进行积分求出沿轴线和沿顺风向、横风向的合力,获得轴线整体体型系数,顺风向整体体型系数。同时将整体体型系数与单幢塔楼体型系数进行比较。     

Seasonality of meningitis in Africa and climate forcing: aerosols stand out

Bacterial meningitis is an ongoing threat for the population of the African Meningitis Belt, a region characterized by the highest incidence rates worldwide. The determinants of the disease dynamics are still poorly understood; nevertheless, it is often advocated that climate and mineral dust have a large impact. Over the last decade, several studies have investigated this relationship at a large scale. In this analysis, we scaled down to the district-level weekly scale (which is used for in-year response to emerging epidemics), and used wavelet and phase analysis methods to define and compare the time-varying periodicities of meningitis, climate and dust in Niger. We mostly focused on detecting time-lags between the signals that were consistent across districts. Results highlighted the special case of dust in comparison to wind, humidity or temperature: a strong similarity between districts is noticed in the evolution of the time-lags between the seasonal component of dust and meningitis. This result, together with the assumption of dust damaging the pharyngeal mucosa and easing bacterial invasion, reinforces our confidence in dust forcing on meningitis seasonality. Dust data should now be integrated in epidemiological and forecasting models to make them more realistic and usable in a public health perspective.     

A 50‐year retrospective review of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches

This review is a brief survey of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches. The overall aim is to review developments over the past 50 years leading up to the current state of the art. The review is restricted to linear elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials, with any yielding confined to a small region at a crack or notch tip. It is also restricted to static loading and to constant amplitude fatigue loading. An enormous amount of theoretical and experimental information relevant to three‐dimensional effects has been published in the past five decades, so the review is, of necessity, highly selective. Theoretical topics covered are linear elastic fracture mechanics, including Volterra distorsioni, stress intensity factors, corner point singularities, crack front line tension, displacement analysis of cracks and notches, and through thickness distributions of stresses and stress intensity factors. Crack path topics covered are fatigue crack path constraints, determination of fatigue crack paths, oscillating crack fronts in thin sheets and the transition to slant crack propagation in thin sheets. Plane strain fracture toughness testing, including standards, is covered. Overall, it can be concluded that the existence of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches has been known for many years, but understanding has been limited, and for some situations still is. Understanding improved when the existence of corner point singularities and their implications became known. Increasingly powerful computers made it possible to investigate three‐dimensional effects numerically in detail. Despite increased understanding, three‐dimensional effects are sometimes ignored in situations where they may be important.     

Effects of Internal and External Connection of Electrodes in Diagonal Type Nonequilibrium Plasma MHD Generator

In this paper, by a two-dimensional analysis in the duct cross section perpendicular to the plasma flow, the authors investigate comparatively the current distribution, the electrical efficiency etc. in the diagonal type nonequilibrium plasma generator of the window frame construction and the one of the insulating sidewall. Their numerical computations are made for an example of the cesium-seeded helium in nonequilibrium ionization, where it is assumed that the ionization instability does not occur.

It is shown that the current in the generator duct of the diagonal conducting wall tends to flow uniformly in the cross section of the duct, and on the other hand, the current in the duct of the insulating sidewall does in its central part; thus the performance characteristics of the former becomes better than those of the latter. This tendency increases with the load factor and wall temperature of the generator. Also the generator characteristics are improved with increasing the inclination factor, and the electrode voltage drop decreases with the load factor.     

Characterization of Chemical Densified Coating as Tritium Permeation Barrier

In a fusion blanket design, ceramic coating on structural materials has been considered to be used as a tritium permeation barrier. The Chemical Densified Coating (CDC) method has some advantage compared with another coating method. This method is capable to form densified coating on either the outer or the inner surface of a tube or a container. This process temperature is low (450°C). The fabrication technique of Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ coating had been developed using CDC method. However, Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ coating had open pores in the coating. For filling open pores, the densification treatment by CrPO₄ was examined. In this study, the verification of open pores, the thermal shock resistivity, the adhesion strength and the deuterium permeability were evaluated and compared with Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ (Type 1) coating and Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ including CrPO₄ (Type 2) coating. From these results, it was confirmed that Type 2 coating had a good adhesion property, and permeation reduction factor of SS316 with Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ including CrPO₄ coating reached about 1,000 at 600°C.     

Experimental study of drop impacts and spreading on epicarps: Effect of fluid properties

The fluid mechanic of liquid drop impacts on solid food plays an important role in food engineering, e.g. when a spray technology is used to apply a coating. In the present work, drop impact behavior on banana and purple cabbage epicarps using high speed camera was studied. Drop velocity was controlled by modifying the height from which drop was ejected. Weber number varied from 100 to 800, whereas Reynolds number ranged from 1000 to 12,500. Liquid drop viscosity and surface tension effects on drop impact behavior were evaluated and temporal evolution of both spreading and flattening factors are presented. Results show that viscosity and epicarp surface properties had great influence on impact dynamics. For low viscosity liquid drops (water and Tween 20-water), the maximum spread factor, ξ_max, scaled with We^0.25±0.02, whereas for viscous fluid (water-glycerol mixture) it scaled with We^0.16±0.02. Finally, a new model was proposed to better fit the experimental data than the Roisman’s and Scheller’s models.