Therapeutic Strategies for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Associated with Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic aneurysms are sometimes associated with enhanced-fibrinolytic-type disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In enhanced-fibrinolytic-type DIC, both coagulation and fibrinolysis are markedly activated. Typical cases show decreased platelet counts and fibrinogen levels, increased concentrations of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer, and increased FDP/D-dimer ratios. Thrombin-antithrombin complex or prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, as markers of coagulation activation, and plasmin-α₂ plasmin inhibitor complex, a marker of fibrinolytic activation, are all markedly increased. Prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) is not so obvious, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is rather shortened in some cases. As a result, DIC can be neither diagnosed nor excluded based on PT and APTT alone. Many of the factors involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis activation are serine proteases. Treatment of enhanced-fibrinolytic-type DIC requires consideration of how to control the function of these serine proteases. The cornerstone of DIC treatment is treatment of the underlying pathology. However, in some cases surgery is either not possible or exacerbates the DIC associated with aortic aneurysm. In such cases, pharmacotherapy becomes even more important. Unfractionated heparin, other heparins, synthetic protease inhibitors, recombinant thrombomodulin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are agents that inhibit serine proteases, and all are effective against DIC. Inhibition of activated coagulation factors by anticoagulants is key to the treatment of DIC. Among them, DOACs can be taken orally and is useful for outpatient treatment. Combination therapy of heparin and nafamostat allows fine-adjustment of anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects. While warfarin is an anticoagulant, this agent is ineffective in the treatment of DIC because it inhibits the production of coagulation factors as substrates without inhibiting activated coagulation factors. In addition, monotherapy using tranexamic acid in cases of enhanced-fibrinolytic-type DIC may induce fatal thrombosis. If tranexamic acid is needed for DIC, combination with anticoagulant therapy is of critical importance.     

磁絮凝强化技术处理厌氧消化污泥脱水液

为满足后续生物处理单元对固体悬浮物（SS）和铁浓度的进水要求,采用磁絮凝强化技术对厌氧消化污泥脱水液进行预处理。通过正交试验和单因素试验,本文考察了混凝水力条件、聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）投加量、磁粉投加量及药剂投加顺序对磁絮凝效果的影响。试验结果表明：磁絮凝强化技术在快搅300r/min（2min）、慢搅100r/min（15min）、静置10min时,依次投加磁粉（40mg/L）、PAC（30mg/L）、PAM（4mg/L）时处理效果最好。在此运行条件下,SS和Fe³⁺去除率分别为97.61%、98.24%、絮凝指数（FI值）取得最大值、zeta电位绝对值最小,絮凝效果最佳。与对照相比,磁絮凝强化技术对SS和Fe³⁺去除率分别可提高3.70%和10.82%,同时絮体最大沉降速度可提高33%。磁絮凝技术处理后的出水不仅可以满足后续生物处理单元对SS和铁浓度的要求,还可以有效提高磁絮凝体的沉降速度,减小沉淀时间,具有较好的实用价值。     

煤与高岭石表面性质对凝聚过程的影响机制

煤泥水中含大量高岭石等黏土矿物,为其絮凝沉降带来较大的困难。为明确矿物性质对凝聚过程的影响机制,在应用扩展的DLVO理论计算煤和高岭石颗粒间作用力的基础上,采用聚焦光束反射测量仪监测了CaCl2用量为4.50 mmol/L时20 g/L的煤和高岭石的悬浮液在60, 100和150 r/min的搅拌转速下的凝聚过程。结果表明,颗粒间的静电作用力在颗粒表面间距2?200 nm范围内起主导作用,高岭石的电负性较大,在凝聚过程中更难发生靠近和碰撞;较高的转速可为颗粒提供较大的动量,有利于提高碰撞频率,缩短完成凝聚所需时间,实验条件下,煤和高岭石的凝聚时间分别由74和123 s缩短至47和89 s。疏水性作用力在颗粒表面间距小于2 nm的范围内起主导作用,决定了颗粒的黏附效率;煤因强疏水性,在碰撞后更易黏附,且能抵抗更高的流体剪切作用,可由19.32 μm凝聚形成100 μm的大凝聚体,而高岭石则因其亲水性难以得到较大粒度的凝聚体,均小于30 μm。     

聚硅酸氯化铝铁处理含砷废水的实验研究

对聚硅酸氯化铝铁混凝处理含砷废水进行了研究。考察了混凝剂用量,(Fe Al)/SiO2物质的量比,碱化度对除砷率的影响。实验结果表明(Fe Al)/SiO2=5∶1,B=0.1时,在pH值7.0,投加量为120 mg/L的条件下,聚硅酸氯化铝铁除砷率达90.5%。实际水样处理后的水质能够达到废水中砷的排放标准。并且通过红外光谱分析讨论了混凝除砷机理。     

模糊专家控制在南洲水厂投矾控制的应用

介绍南洲水厂的工艺流程、投矾工艺及其控制系统的设计,通过研究国内外投矾自动控制的模式,提出采用自学习的模糊专家控制系统进行投矾自动控制,利用周边水厂和广州自来水公司的经验数据和实际运行的一些数据,初步建立一个模糊专家数据库,利用该数据库在线控制投矾泵的运行,并在实际运行中在线自学习修改模糊专家数据库,逐渐达到最优控制的目的.通过南洲水厂在线运行调试,证明此控制有较强的适应性、鲁棒性和自学习性,为水处理的加药控制提供了一种新的自动控制方式.     

造纸法烟草薄片废水深度处理研究

采用单独混凝法、单独Fenton氧化法及混凝联合Fenton法对生化处理后造纸法烟草薄片废水进行深度处理,筛选出了最佳实验条件。实验发现,采用单独混凝法和单独Fenton氧化法处理废水,其处理结果并不能满足GB9878—1996污水综合排放标准的排放要求。而采用混凝联合Fenton法处理,出水CODCr和色度分别为81 mg/L、49.2 C.U.,达到排放标准,其最优处理条件为:混凝反应初始pH值为8,混凝剂PAC用量为1.35 g/L,助凝剂PAM用量为3.6 mg/L;Fenton反应初始pH值为3,H2O2用量为15 mmol/L,FeSO4用量为7.5 mmol/L。     

饮用水混凝除磷技术试验研究

通过混凝实验,观察混凝除磷与除浊的关系,考察混凝剂品种、pH对混凝除磷效果的影响,以及混凝对水中不同形态磷的去除效果.研究高锰酸钾复合药剂(PPC)及聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的助凝除磷效果.结果表明:强化混凝可以有效提高混凝除磷的效果;聚铁混凝除磷效果明显好于聚铝和聚铝铁;3种混凝剂除磷最佳pH分别为:聚铁7.5,聚铝6.5,聚铝铁6.0;溶解性磷的去除总体上来说更加困难,但是当混凝剂投量增加到一定水平,溶解性磷也能得到有效去除;PPC与PAM均具有一定的助凝除磷效果,但PAM的用量和投加时间必须很好控制.     

姜汁凝固型牛奶配方与工艺优化研究

以牛奶和生姜为主要原料,通过单因素及正交实验确定了姜汁凝固型牛奶配方与优化加工工艺。结果表明:姜汁凝固型牛奶的优化配方和工艺为奶粉用量18.5%,姜汁用量4.0%,蔗糖用量8%,pH 6.5,凝乳温度60℃。制得的产品凝乳完全,表面光滑,无乳清析出,具有姜汁凝固型牛奶固有的姜汁和牛奶的香味,口感滑嫩细腻。     

Dietary Trans Fats Enhance Doxorubicin‐Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice

This study investigated the combined effects of trans fat diet (TFD) and doxorubicin upon cardiac oxidative, inflammatory, and coagulatory stress. TFD increased trans fatty acid deposit in heart (P < 0.05), and decreased protein C and antithrombin‐III activities in circulation (P < 0.05). TFD plus doxorubicin treatment elevated activities of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase (P < 0.05). This combination also raised xanthine oxidase activity, and enhanced cardiac levels of reactive oxygen species, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 than TFD or doxorubicin treatment alone (P < 0.05). TFD alone increased cardiac nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activity (P < 0.05), but failed to affect expression of NF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P > 0.05). Doxorubicin treatment alone augmented cardiac activity, mRNA expression, and protein production of NF‐κB and MAPK (P < 0.05). TFD plus doxorubicin treatment further upregulated cardiac expression of NF‐κB p65, p‐p38, and p‐ERK1/2 (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that TFD exacerbates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity.     

造纸废水的混凝-水解-接触氧化处理技术

研究了以混凝、厌氧酸化、生物接触氧化一体化反应器处理含氯漂折护望洋兴叹，水力停留时间为15h时，整个系统CODCr、BOD5、AOX、毒性值去除率分别达88.1%、81%、98.4%、92%。混凝单元主要去除大分子氯代有机物；厌氧单元通过还原脱氯及酸性水解，使氯代有机物得到了基本的去除；好氧单元对CODCr有较高的去除率。红外光谱的分析结果表明：废水中既有木素又有纤维素和半纤维素，虽然漂白废水厌氧处理技术不如好氧处理，但厌氧、好氧联合处理可有效地提高处理效果。