基于GPS软件接收机的C/A码捕获算法

为了尽量减少导航电文数据比特跳变带来的影响,在基于FFT的并行码相位搜索算法的基础上,采用两相邻毫秒数据进行捕获,再利用DFT细化频率估计,得到C/A码相位和较精确的载波频率。利用实际采集的数据进行实验,结果证实了该方法能快速有效地对C/A码进行捕获,为后续跟踪环路提供了良好的初始条件。     

桥梁墩台一般冲刷评价方法的改进与应用

基于防洪影响评价和桥梁安全角度对桥梁墩台的一般冲刷进行分析比较,提出防洪评价计算中束窄河床冲刷的概念.利用水动力学泥沙数学模型对束窄河床冲刷进行了量化分析,以冲刷影响系数β来描述桥梁墩台束窄河床对河道冲刷的影响程度,以冲刷影响深度Hβ来描述其对河道冲刷深度的影响,对防洪影响评价中稳定河床一般冲刷计算进行了补充完善.最后利用提出的方法对4个桥梁工程进行了冲刷计算与相关评价,认为提出的束窄河床冲刷影响系数β和冲刷影响深度Hβ可对现行防洪评价有一定的改进.     

牡丹江干流中下游河道泥沙补给分析

通过分析牡丹江干流中下游河道泥沙特性,研究河道泥沙输移及补给规律,在对牡丹江干流河道梯级枢纽建成前后河道的水沙变化进行分析的基础上,并根据已有的泥沙资料,结合社会经济发展对砂石的需求,对牡丹江干流中下游河道的泥沙沉积量进行计算,研究确定泥沙补给量与开采量的关系,从而为牡丹江干流河道合理采砂提供依据.     

EPISODIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ELEVATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN A SMALL,MOUNTAINOUS RIVER IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Suspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quantifying chemical constituents in discharge from coastal watersheds on event‐scale terms. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Anthropogenic and climatic influences over the past three centuries on characteristics of an Adirondack lake,Eastern North America

Fourth Lake is a drainage lake at 43°N, 74°W, from which a 37‐cm long mud‐water interface core was recovered. ²¹⁰Pb dating indicates the core spans ≈340 years, from the Little Ice Age through modern global warming. Diatom accumulation responds to anthropogenic watershed disturbances, declining slightly up‐core until a peak in the late‐1800s attributable to sediment and nutrient influx from logging and enlargement of the outlet dam. A dramatic decrease occurs ≈1900 as logging and lake filling ceased, and a smaller peak ≈1960 accompanies residential development. Similar changes occur in organic carbon accumulation, which ranges from 0.0038–0.024 mg cm^?2 year^?1, with generally decreasing values up‐core, punctuated by maximum values in the late‐1800s. Expressing diatoms as concentration, however, reveals a doubling up‐core that positively correlates with changes extending beyond the watershed, including Northern Hemisphere temperature, atmospheric CO₂ concentration and solar irradiance (R = 0.627, 0.675 and 0.400, respectively). A >50% increase in % organic carbon, from 3.8% to 5.9%, also positively correlates with these larger‐scale environmental conditions (R = 0.828, 0.830 and 0.832), while negative correlations with the extrabasinal records are exhibited by magnetic susceptibility (R = ?0.654, ?0.496, and ?0.660) and clay (R = ?0.770, ?0.762, and ?0.737). These changes are consistent with decreased sediment influx and reduced dilution of biogenous sedimentary components. In contrast to total diatoms, the accumulation of planktonic genus Asterionella displays a long‐term increase up‐core. Potential explanations include increasing duration of the ice‐free season or a shift in the timing of the spring bloom and a mismatch with abundance of predator(s). Asterionella also increases as a percentage of total diatoms, being positively correlated with extrabasinal conditions (R = 0.827, 0.774 and 0.674). This change occurs at the expense of many benthic genera and, over the past century, at the expense of tychoplanktonic genus, Aulacosiera. Heavily silicified, Aulacosiera requires strong mixing to remain within the epilimnion. Thus, its decline might result from increasing stratification caused by warming.     

梭锥管混浊流体分离装置流场PIV 测试及分析

利用粒子图像测速技术,测试了两种工况下梭锥管混浊流体分离装置（简称梭锥管）内的水沙两相流的速度场,给出了梭锥管内泥沙运动的流速矢量分布及流速大小云图。对测试结果的分析表明,实测结果与理论分析结果一致。含沙水流进入梭锥管后,其内设置的多层锥圈把泥沙沉降区域分割成若干个沉降距离较短且相互独立的沉降空间,缩短了泥沙的自由沉降距离。相邻锥圈组成的水沙分离空间内,形成了沿锥圈上表面向下运动的泥沙流和沿锥圈下表面向上运动的清水流,使分离后的泥沙流和清水流沿各自独立路径流动,泥沙流流入排沙装置中心的排沙通道,而清水流流入装置边壁处的清水流通道,相互之间无混掺和干扰,加快了水沙分离速度。     

Modeling and analysis of effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in Jinsha River Basin

This paper focuses on the effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in the Jinsha River Basin. Results of regression analysis were taken as input variables to investigate the applicability of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulating annual runoff and sediment yield. Correlation analysis indicates that runoff and sediment yield are positively correlated with the precipitation indices, while negatively correlated with the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression show that annual precipitation is the most important factor influencing the variation of runoff, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of runoff are 69.8% and 17.3%, respectively. For sediment yield, rainfall erosivity is the most important factor, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of sediment yield are 49.3% and 24.2%, respectively. The ANFIS model is of high precision in runoff forecasting, with a relative error of less than 5%, but of poor precision in sediment yield forecasting, indicating that precipitation and vegetation coverage can explain only part of the variation of sediment yield, and that other impact factors, such as human activities, should be sufficiently considered as well.     

水流含沙量和流速对水轮机磨蚀性能的影响

水流含沙量和流速是影响水轮机磨蚀性能的非常重要的两大因素,其影响规律对水轮机磨蚀的防治有很重要的理论意义和参考价值.采用黄河原型沙,通过试验研究不同泥沙含量和不同水流流速条件下水轮机材料的磨蚀外貌、磨蚀失重量和磨蚀失重率.通过对试验结果进行定性和定量分析,得到水轮机磨蚀与水流含沙量、磨蚀与水流流速之间的关系,并得到数学回归式,找出水轮机磨蚀的基本规律,为多泥沙河流水轮机的参数选择与磨蚀防治提供了依据.     

冲积河流稳定平衡条件与断面几何形态的数理分析

冲积河流稳定平衡条件长期以来被认为无闭合解,致使众多经验假说得以应用。本文通过将两个无量纲断面形态参数宽深比和边坡角度引入到冲积河流三大基本运动方程中,详细分析了推移质输沙率与这两个变量之间的复杂关系,从数学上推导得出冲积河流达到稳定平衡的水动力学条件是推移质输沙率最大。河流达到稳定平衡时的过水断面形态数学表达式表明,天然冲积河流在平滩水位时所展现的水力几何关系是河流通过调整过水断面形态达到的稳定平衡的结果。     

瓯江河口入海水沙通量的变化规律

根据瓯江流域圩仁水文站1950-2008年的实测流量资料和1956-1998年的实测输沙量资料,采用水文学和数理统计学方法,分析瓯江河口入海水、沙通量的变化规律及其相关性,并对人类活动的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明:瓯江多年平均入海流量和悬沙通量分别为442m3/s、61.9kg/s;入海水、沙通量具有明显的年际和季节变化特征,沙通量的变幅要大于水通量;瓯江洪枯季流量、输沙量悬殊,洪峰暴涨暴落,是输水、输沙最集中时期;入海水、沙通量之间具有较好的峰、谷对应关系,但1975年特大洪水导致流域侵蚀模量发生较大变化;紧水滩、石塘水库的建成和运行,对瓯江入海径流起到了明显的调节作用,水沙通量年内分配趋于均匀化。