Grain-refining and strengthening mechanisms of bulk ultrafine grained CP-Ti processed by L-ECAP and MDF

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained(UFG)CP-Ti after an inno-vative large-volume equal channel angular pressing(L-ECAP)and multi-directional forging(MDF)were systematically examined using monotonic tensile tests combined with transmission electron microscope(TEM)and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)techniques.Substantially refined and homogeneous microstructures were achieved after L-ECAP(8-pass and 12-pass)and MDF(2-cycle and 3-cycle),respec-tively,where the grain size distribution conformed to lognormal distribution.The grain refinement of 450℃L-ECAP is dominated by dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic recovery(DRV),while that of MDF is dominated by DRX.The iron impurities promote recrystallization by pinning-induced dislocation accumulation so that DRX is prone to occur at iron segregation regions during L-ECAP.The monotonic tensile results show that the strain hardening rate of CP-Ti increases with the decrease of grain size,while the continuous strain hardening ability decreases.The relationship between the average grain size and yield strength is in accordance with Hall-Petch relationship.Meanwhile,the individual strength-ening mechanisms were quantitatively examined by the modified model.The results indicate that the strengthening contribution of dislocation accumulation to yield strength is greater than that of grain refinement.     

Estimation of nonclassical properties of multiphoton coherent states from optical tomograms

We have examined both single and entangled two-mode multiphoton coherent states and shown how the ‘Janus-faced’ properties between two partner states are mirrored in appropriate tomograms. Entropic squeezing, quadrature squeezing and higher-order squeezing properties for a wide range of nonclassical states are estimated directly from tomograms. We have demonstrated how squeezing properties of two-mode entangled states produced at the output port of a quantum beamsplitter are sensitive to the relative phase between the reflected and transmitted fields. This feature allows for the possibility of tuning the relative phase to enhance squeezing properties of the state. Finally, we have examined the manner in which decoherence affects squeezing and the changes in the optical tomogram of the state due to interaction with the environment.     

A computationally efficient cohesive zone model for fatigue

A cohesive zone model has been developed for the simulation of both high and low cycle fatigue crack growth. The developed model provides an alternative approach that reflects the computational efficiency of the well‐established envelop‐load damage model yet can deliver the accuracy of the equally well‐established loading‐unloading hysteresis damage model. A feature included in the new cohesive zone model is a damage mechanism that accumulates as a result of cyclic plastic separation and material deterioration to capture a finite fatigue life. The accumulation of damage is reflected in the loading‐unloading hysteresis curve, but additionally, the model incorporates a fast‐track feature. This is achieved by “freezing in” a particular damage state for one loading cycle over a predefined number of cycles. The new model is used to simulate mode I fatigue crack growth in austenitic stainless steel 304 at significant reduction in the computational cost.     

A damage to crack transition model accounting for stress triaxiality formulated in a hybrid nonlocal implicit discontinuous Galerkin‐cohesive band model framework

Modelling the entire ductile fracture process remains a challenge. On the one hand, continuous damage models succeed in capturing the initial diffuse damage stage but are not able to represent discontinuities or cracks. On the other hand, discontinuous methods, as the cohesive zones, which model the crack propagation behaviour, are suited to represent the localised damaging process. However, they are unable to represent diffuse damage. Moreover, most of the cohesive models do not capture triaxiality effect. In this paper, the advantages of the two approaches are combined in a single damage to crack transition framework. In a small deformation setting, a nonlocal elastic damage model is associated with a cohesive model in a discontinuous Galerkin finite element framework. A cohesive band model is used to naturally introduce a triaxiality‐dependent behaviour inside the cohesive law. Practically, a numerical thickness is introduced to recover a 3D state, mandatory to incorporate the in‐plane stretch effects. This thickness is evaluated to ensure the energy consistency of the method and is not a new numerical parameter. The traction‐separation law is then built from the underlying damage model. The method is numerically shown to capture the stress triaxiality effect on the crack initiation and propagation.     

Towards simplified and optimized a posteriori error estimation using PGD reduced models

The paper deals with the use of model order reduction within a posteriori error estimation procedures in the context of the finite element method. More specifically, it focuses on the constitutive relation error concept, which has been widely used over the last 40 years for FEM verification of computational mechanics models. A technical key‐point when using constitutive relation error is the construction of admissible fields, and we propose here to use the proper generalized decomposition to facilitate this task. In addition to making the implementation into commercial FE software easier, it is shown that the use of proper generalized decomposition enables to optimize the verification procedure and to get both accurate and reasonably expensive upper bounds on the discretization error. Numerical illustrations are presented to assess the performance of the proposed approach.     

Investigating the static and dynamic tensile mechanical behaviour of polymer‐bonded explosives

The tensile properties of a polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) were systematically studied by using quasi‐static and dynamic experiments. A non‐linear constitutive relation was developed to describe the tensile behaviour of the PBX. The tensile properties of the PBX under different strain rates and temperatures were measured in quasi‐static tests. The tensile behaviour of the PBX was found to exhibit high strain rate and strong temperature dependence, attributable to the large fraction of the polymer binder. To obtain the rational dynamic tensile results, a modified split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) setup was designed such that the specimens were in dynamic stress equilibrium and deformed homogeneously at nearly constant strain rates. To characterise the viscoelastic behaviour, the master modulus curve was derived from the tensile stress relaxation tests at different temperatures. The non‐linear constitutive model was implemented in ABAQUS to predict the tensile behaviour of the PBX. The computational results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.     

织构化ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷中取向关系的EBSD研究

以放电等离子体烧结的织构化ZrB₂-SiC复相陶瓷为研究对象, 利用SEM和EDS方法对相组成进行分析。研究发现, 由于初始粉体与杂质之间存在多种反应, 陶瓷中出现相当含量的ZrC新相及少量的ZrO₂、BN相。与利用TEM研究新生成相与主相间取向关系的常规方法相比, SEM中EBSD方法不但能研究该取向关系, 还可同时对大量相界进行研究以获得统计性结果, 从而避免人为选择性。利用该方法, 对ZrB₂与ZrC相间可能存在的三种取向关系(011¯0)||(111)&[21¯1¯0]||[101¯]、(112¯0)||( 2¯02)&[0001]||[111]和(1¯21¯0)||(2 2¯0)&[0001]||[110]进行验证, 确定本实验中所得复相陶瓷中两相间不存在特定取向关系, 从而推断ZrC的成相遵循均匀成核模式, 而非外延成核。     

Level set topology optimization of structural problems with interface cohesion

This paper presents a finite element topology optimization framework for the design of two‐phase structural systems considering contact and cohesion phenomena along the interface. The geometry of the material interface is described by an explicit level set method, and the structural response is predicted by the extended finite element method. In this work, the interface condition is described by a bilinear cohesive zone model on the basis of the traction‐separation constitutive relation. The non‐penetration condition in the presence of compressive interface forces is enforced by a stabilized Lagrange multiplier method. The mechanical model assumes a linear elastic isotropic material, infinitesimal strain theory, and a quasi‐static response. The optimization problem is solved by a nonlinear programming method, and the design sensitivities are computed by the adjoint method. The performance of the presented method is evaluated by 2D and 3D numerical examples. The results obtained from topology optimization reveal distinct design characteristics for the various interface phenomena considered. In addition, 3D examples demonstrate optimal geometries that cannot be fully captured by reduced dimensionality. The optimization framework presented is limited to two‐phase structural systems where the material interface is coincident in the undeformed configuration, and to structural responses that remain valid considering small strain kinematics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deformation,diffusion and ductility during creep – continuous void nucleation and creep-fatigue damage

Abstract

It is shown that the assumption of unit (negative) slope in the well known Monkman–Grant plot of time to failure against minimum creep rate is too restrictive. By acknowledging observed slopes in the range 0.8–1, a ductility–strain-rate relation is deduced where ductility decreases with reducing strain rate. This in turn has implications for the ductility exhaustion method as applied during stress relaxation in the dwell period of low cycle fatigue tests of austenitic steels at elevated temperature. The simple method is used to calculate the cyclic creep damage in typical tests on austenitic steels in the region 550–650 °C and is compared to other calculations as employed in the R5 high temperature assessment procedure. The assumption of a uniform nucleation rate of grain boundary voids with creep strain goes some way to predicting the slope of the ductility–strain-rate relation. Both the ‘unconstrained’ and ‘constrained’ (lower shelf) regions of void growth are discussed.     

大数据思维驱动下的设计创新思变

目的探讨设计创新思维在新时代背景下的一系列革命性转变。方法从大数据的3个维度出发,阐述了量化思维对设计创新研究的深远影响;分析了相关性思维在设计创新三层级中发挥的作用;提出了企业基于效率思维的集成式创新战略。结论量化思维积极推动了设计"科学属性"的必然演化,数据科学的兴起使设计创新在科学化发展的道路上更有潜力成为推动社会改良的工具;以相关性思维为基础的大数据预测,逐渐成为设计创新过程中新发明、新服务的源泉,从而促进了新一轮颠覆式创新的爆发;应用于技术供应链、品牌生态链、用户体验链之上的集成式创新手段,将成为全球化市场环境下企业高效开展创新工作的有力武器。