Application of thermal comfort theory in probabilistic safety assessment of a nuclear power plant

Human factor errors in probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) of a nuclear power plant(NPP) can be prevented using thermal comfort analysis.In this paper,the THERP+HCR model is modified by using PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD(Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) index system,so as to obtain the operator cognitive reliability,and to reflect and analyze human perception,thermal comfort status,and cognitive ability in a specific NPP environment.The mechanism of human factors in the PSA is analyzed by operators of skill,rule and knowledge types.The THERP+HCR model modified by thermal comfort theory can reflect the conditions in actual environment,and optimize reliability analysis of human factors.Improving human thermal comfort for different types of operators reduces adverse factors due to human errors,and provides a safe and optimum decision-making for NPPs.     

基于整车刚弹耦合模型的平顺性仿真与试验

车辆的平顺性车辆性能的一项重要评价指标,所以平顺性预测方案的有效性至关重要.根据车轮-悬架系统动力学方程和传递函数,并以某SUV(Sport Utility Vehicle)为原型,在adams/car中建立车身柔性体和其它各总成刚体模型装配得到整车刚弹耦合模型,进行车辆平顺性仿真分析.采用有限元软件hyperworks建立车身有限元模型,利用adams/processor对.振动加速度时间函数进行FFT(快速傅里叶变换)得到频域函数和功率密度函数,再通过matlab对数据进行处理得到两项平顺性评价指标aw和Law的值.应用便携式车载仪器对SUV进行道路试验,并用DH5902软件进行试验数据处理.将仿真与测试进行比较,结果可为车辆稳定性优化设计提供依据.     

Driver sitting comfort and discomfort (part II): Relationships with and prediction from interface pressure

Pressure at the driver–seat interface has been used as an objective method to assess seat design, yet existing evidence regarding its efficacy is mixed. The current study examined associations between three subjective ratings (overall, comfort, and discomfort) and 36 measures describing driver–seat interface pressure, and identified pressure level, contact area, and ratio (local to global) variables that could be effectively used to improve subjective responses. Each of 27 participants was involved in six separate driving sessions which included combinations of two seats (from vehicles ranked high and low on overall comfort), two vehicle classes (sedan and SUV), and two driving venues (lab-based and field). Several pressure variables were identified as more effective for assessing sitting comfort and discomfort across a range of individual statures. Based on the results, specific approaches are recommended to improve the sitting experience: (1) lower pressure ratios at the buttocks and higher pressure ratios at the upper and lower back; and (2) balanced pressure between the bilateral buttocks, and between the lower and upper body. Finally, separate analyses supported that human–seat interface pressure was more strongly related with overall and comfort ratings than with discomfort ratings.

Relevance to industry

Several interface pressure variables were identified that showed associations with subjective responses during sitting. Use of these measures is suggested to improve the quality of car seats.     

皮革服装着装舒适性研究现状与发展趋势

论文总结了皮革服装舒适性中运动舒适性、结构舒适性、材料舒适性以及压力舒适性的研究现状,探讨了皮革服装着装舒适性测试方法和评价方式.从皮革微观组织学特性出发,结合人体着装生理和心理指标的测量,以及着装舒适性预测系统的评价,分析了皮革服装着装舒适性研究领域的发展趋势.     

毛细管网供暖室内环境对比实验研究

对重庆地区毛细管网辐射供暖系统进行测试,分析在35℃供水工况下毛细管网顶棚、墙面、地面3种敷设方式的室内空气温度、围护结构壁面温度等参数。结果表明：在重庆地区35℃供水工况下,毛细管网顶棚、墙面、地面3种敷设方式供暖稳定时,室内人员活动区平均温度分别为16.53、16.4、16.94℃、辐射表面平均温度分别为29.21、28.17、22.98℃,纵向最大温差分别为1.76、3.16、0.3℃,水平最大温差分别为-0.26、0.59、-0.34℃,在实验条件下,该地区3种敷设方式供暖时室内温度均 ≥ 16℃,毛细管网构造层厚度与敷设位置直接影响室内舒适度。     

大型旋转机械振动对承载建筑物的舒适度研究

通过对承载建筑物的动力响应分析,并采用改进的算法对承载建筑物舒适度进行研究和评价。实践表明,这种舒适度评价标准是全面和客观的,为全面进行大型旋转机械对承载建筑物振动舒适的研究提供了有效的方法。     

PTT交织物中各元素的最优化设计

PTT纤维综合了涤纶、锦纶、氨纶和腈纶几大合成纤维的优点，被誉为21世纪的大型纤维．PTT纤维产品的类型和风格众多，其中最具魅力的是PTT的交织织物，通过织物中各元素的优化设计，能够将PTT纤维的优异性能表现出来，同时克服其吸湿能力低、抗熔性差、静电严重、易起毛起球等舍纤的缺点，使交织物中不同原料的优良品质得以充分发挥，做到物尽其用．     

双激励下轮毂电机悬置构型对电动车平顺性的影响

为解决轮毂电机引入电动汽车使车辆垂向负效应加剧的问题,研究路面激励和电机垂向激励耦合下轮毂电机悬置构型对车辆垂向性能的影响. 综合分析国内外电动汽车构型影响规律,比较两种分别以电机定子和电机整体悬置作为动态吸振器车辆构型的平顺性,搭建双重激励计算模型选择优选方案,以车辆平顺性指标均方根值最小为优化目标,应用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对优选方案中动态吸振器的橡胶衬套刚度和阻尼进行优化设计,得到满足要求的构型和匹配参数,并对优化后的车辆构型进行仿真验证. 研究结果表明:两种悬置方案都缓和了由于轮毂电机引入带来的负面效应,而对择优选出的电机整体悬置方案优化后可使车身加速度降低38.53%,轮胎动载荷下降7.94%. 仿真结果证明,针对路面和电机双重激励提出的优化构型及参数,改善了轮毂电机驱动电动汽车的垂向负效应,提高了车辆平顺性和安全性.     

冷辐射不均匀环境中人体热响应的心理学实验

为了研究严寒地区外窗和外墙冷辐射对人体热舒适的影响,本文对身着冬季服装的大学生受试者进行了有冷辐射的稍凉工况、中性工况和无冷辐射的均匀工况的人体热响应心理学实验研究.在测试环境参数和生理学参数的同时,对受试者局部和整体热感觉以及热舒适进行问卷调查.结果表明:在有冷辐射的稍凉工况和中性工况中,头部和背部的热感觉无显著性差异,手部、小腿、手臂的热感觉和整体热感觉均有显著性差异;有冷辐射的中性工况的整体热感觉低于无冷辐射的均匀工况的,尽管前者室内平均温度高.当人体距外墙和外窗较近时,外墙和外窗冷辐射导致头脚温差增大,会加剧人体腿部的冷感觉,进而影响整体热感觉和热舒适.在冷辐射不均匀环境中,整体热感觉接近于人体较冷部位的热感觉,整体热舒适接近于人体最不舒适部位,即遵循“抱怨”模式.在均匀环境和冷辐射不均匀环境中,整体热感觉与整体热舒适皆线性相关.应提高人体下部如腿部的空气温度,以提高腿部的热感觉,从而提高整体热感觉和热舒适.     

基于联合仿真技术的半主动悬架混合控制策略研究

为减少汽车半主动悬架系统开发周期和成本,利用多体动力学仿真软件SIM—PACK建立了某轿车单斜臂式悬架虚拟样机模型,并在MATLAB／SIMULINK环境中设计了基于混合控制策略的半主动悬架控制器,建立了一个半主动悬架控制策略研究的集成环境,利用该集成环境研究了基于混合控制策略的半主动悬架车辆行驶性能。与被动悬架相比,当汽车以72km／h在B级路面上行驶,阻尼力分配系数a为0．6时,混合控制策略下的半主动悬架车身垂向加速度均方根值和悬架动行程均方根值分别下降了17．38％和43．24％,而轮胎动载荷均方根值仅增加了4．42％。研究结果表明,基于混合控制策略的半主动悬架可以有效衰减车身的振动,改善车辆行驶平顺性,而车辆道路友好性并没有发生恶化。