湿度和热舒适性与空调节能的探讨

指出湿度是空气调节系统设计的一个重要参数,重点分析了湿度对热舒适性的影响机理,指出了常规空调系统在除湿方面所引起的热舒适性和能耗问题,提出湿度独立控制空调系统的必要性.     

聚落空间在小院别墅的设计

早期的小院别墅对中产消费阶层强烈的精神需求缺乏充分理解。传统聚落空间在广州桃花源小院别墅的设计实践,有助于提升居住的舒适度和品质感,符合中产消费阶层追求更丰富、更有意境的价值享受的心灵需要。     

某人行桥人致振动分析及其舒适度评价

通过模拟人行随机荷载激励,分别采用四种人行荷载工况对一座既有钢结构人行桥进行了人致振动时程分析,从而更好地了解该人行桥在行人激励下的动力特性。考虑到现有人行桥的动力特点及对其振动舒适度评价方法的不足,提出了考虑结构双向耦合振动的舒适度评价方法,并对该桥进行了舒适度评价,证明了该桥在动力性能上存在的问题。这对人行桥人行荷载模拟、人行桥振动舒适度评价以及防振减振研究都具有参考借鉴意义。     

Forty years of Fanger’s model of thermal comfort: comfort for all?

The predicted mean vote (PMV) model of thermal comfort, created by Fanger in the late 1960s, is used worldwide to assess thermal comfort. Fanger based his model on college-aged students for use in invariant environmental conditions in air-conditioned buildings in moderate thermal climate zones. Environmental engineering practice calls for a predictive method that is applicable to all types of people in any kind of building in every climate zone. In this publication, existing support and criticism, as well as modifications to the PMV model are discussed in light of the requirements by environmental engineering practice in the 21st century in order to move from a predicted mean vote to comfort for all. Improved prediction of thermal comfort can be achieved through improving the validity of the PMV model, better specification of the model's input parameters, and accounting for outdoor thermal conditions and special groups. The application range of the PMV model can be enlarged, for instance, by using the model to assess the effects of the thermal environment on productivity and behavior, and interactions with other indoor environmental parameters, and the use of information and communication technologies. Even with such modifications to thermal comfort evaluation, thermal comfort for all can only be achieved when occupants have effective control over their own thermal environment. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper treats the assessment of thermal comfort using the PMV model of Fanger, and deals with the strengths and limitations of this model. Readers are made familiar to some opportunities for use in the 21st-century information society.     

Symptoms, complaints, ocular and nasal physiological signs in university staff in relation to indoor environment - temperature and gender interactions

Symptoms, signs, perceptions, and objective measures were studied in university buildings. Two problem buildings with a history of dampness and complaints were compared with two control buildings. Health investigations among university staff were performed at the workplace (n = 173) including tear film stability [non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) and self-reported break-up time (SBUT)], nasal patency (acoustic rhinometry), nasal lavage fluid analysis [NAL: eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme and albumin] and atopy by total serum IgE and IgE antibodies (Phadiatop). Exposure assessment included inspections, thermal and atmospheric climate at 56 points modelled for all work sites. Multiple regressions were applied, controlling for age and gender. Exposure differences between problem buildings and controls were small, and variations between rooms were greater. Workers in the problem buildings had more general and dermal symptoms, but not more objective signs than the others. Adjusted day NIBUT and SBUT increased at higher night air temperatures, with B (95% CI) 0.6 (0.04-1.2) and 1.3 (-0.02 to 2.5), respectively. Higher relative humidity at mean day air temperature <22.1 degrees C was associated with adjusted NIBUT and SBUT, with B (95% CI) 0.16 (0.03-0.29) and 0.37 (-0.01 to 0.75), respectively. Air velocity below recommended winter values and reduced relative humidity in the range of 15-30% were associated with dry air and too low temperature. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Thermal climate in university buildings may be associated with both perceptions and physiological signs. Reduced night time air temperature, increased difference in air temperature between day and night, and fast changes in air temperature might impair indoor environment. This may have implication for energy-saving policies. It might be difficult to identify the exposure behind, and find the reason why, some buildings are defined as 'problem buildings'.     

Risk factors for dissatisfaction with the indoor environment in open-plan offices: an analysis of COPE field study data

We applied binary logistic regression techniques to data collected from 779 participants in a field study of open-plan ('cubicle') offices conducted in nine buildings. Independent variables were physical conditions in the workplace, and dependent variables were derived from occupant satisfaction measures; personal characteristics were included as covariates. There was a significantly higher risk of dissatisfaction with privacy and acoustics (defined as being below the 20th percentile as opposed to being above the 80th percentile) associated with being in a small workstation, or being seated next to a window. A higher risk of dissatisfaction with ventilation was associated with being seated next to a window, temperatures substantially higher than the average neutral temperature, and a carbon dioxide concentration greater than 650 ppm. A higher risk of dissatisfaction with lighting was associated with panel heights greater than 66 inches (1.7 m), high reflected glare on computer screens, desktop illuminances outside 300-500 lux, desktop illuminance uniformity (min/max ratio) less than 0.5, and being in a workstation distant from a window. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: We have demonstrated statistically significant relationships between indoor environment conditions in office spaces and environmental dissatisfaction risk. Although generally supported by prior research, not all of these risk factors are reflected in existing recommended practice documents for office design. Consideration of these findings in future revisions of such documents may be warranted.     

辐射供冷地面对围护结构内表面温度及室内热舒适的影响

本文在分析室内平均辐射温度对人体舒适性作用的基础上,通过建立围护结构的传热模型,分析计算了辐射供冷地面对围护结构内表面温度及室内热舒适性的影响.结果表明,与传统空调相比,地板辐射供冷一置换通风系统中的辐射供冷地面能使围护结构内表面温度降低约0.4～1.3℃,可进一步降低室内的平均辐射温度.在相同室内温度条件下,室内舒适性指标PMV值比传统空调要小,因此在同等舒适条件下可提高室内设计温度约2.5～3℃.     

浅谈净化空调与普通空调系统的异同

空调是空气调节的简称,空气调节分为舒适性空气调节和工艺性空气调节两种类型。净化空调系统是在普通空调系统基础上发展出来的,是普通空调系统技术的进一步提高和发展。本文从设计、施工、调试三个方面全面的分析了净化空调和普通空调的各种异同点。     

Improving energy performance of school buildings while ensuring indoor air quality ventilation

Energy conscious design of school buildings, as well as deemed-to-satisfy provisions in a Performance Based Energy Code, should address the problem known as the energy efficiency—thermal comfort—indoor air quality dilemma (EE-TC-IAQ Dilemma). In warm and moderate climates, the large internal heat sources usually found in school buildings prevent achieving thermal comfort without active cooling in summer, but are not sufficient to eliminate the need for heating in winter. Commonly used air-conditioners do not improve air quality, while natural ventilation induces uncontrolled energy losses. In this study, a step by step process was used for the development of deemed-to-satisfy design solutions, which cope with the EE-TC-IAQ Dilemma, for a performance based code. A distinction is made between improving building design variables and improving ventilation schemes. Results indicate that implementation of improved ventilation schemes in an otherwise well designed energy-conscious building result in savings of 28–30% and 17–18% for northern and southern classroom orientations, respectively.     

银行营业厅使用后评价研究--中国建设银行深圳市分行营业网点评价分析

以中国建设银行深圳市分行营业网点为例，采用问卷法、访谈法、行为地图观察法等多种方法，对银行营业厅进行使用后评价分析，得出银行营业厅顾客行为特征、行为频次强度、顾客及银行职员对银行营业厅环境舒适度评价及其相互之间关系等研究结果，对银行营业厅设计有指导意义。