基于Copula函数的洪水峰量联合设计方法研究

为明晰洪水峰量联合设计的特点,以岗南水库洪水为例,基于Gumbel Copula函数,分析了AND、OR、Kendall、生存Kendall 4种重现期的优缺点,采用极大似然法、同频率法、条件最可能组合法3种方法计算了联合设计值。结果表明: ①AND和OR重现期在危险域和安全域的识别上存在局限性;相对而言,Kendall重现期更合理,但其安全域是无界的,这与实际不符;生存Kendall重现期则界定了有界的安全域,使得重现期的概念在逻辑上更科学合理。② 3种设计值计算方法的差别不大,但从简单实用角度出发,推荐采用同频率法计算设计值。③不同重现期标准的设计值差别比较明显,基于OR重现期计算的设计值总是最大的,生存Kendall、Kendall重现期设计值次之,AND重现期设计值最小。④推荐采用生存Kendall重现期进行两变量洪水设计,因其有比较严谨的理论基础,且设计结果兼顾了安全性与经济性。⑤两变量联合设计值与单变量设计值的差异受变量间相关性的影响较大,且变量相关性越弱,差异越大。研究显示,基于生存Kendall重现期、采用同频率法计算设计值是目前较为科学合理的洪水峰量联合设计途径。     

Influence of rainfall on the performance of bioretention systems modified with activated carbon and biochar

The use of bioretention areas is common in urban stormwater management, but their performance varies significantly depending on rainfall characteristics and design conditions. In this study, a pilot experiment using bioretention columns with different media (commercial activated carbon and river sediment-derived biochar) investigated the influence of rainfall on bioretention performance. The results indicated that the runoff volume retention ratio (R_v), which included the runoff purified and discharged at the bottom of the column, and the runoff retained in media during rainfall event, decreased significantly with increases in the rainfall event return period (p < 0.05). The R_v of the activated carbon and biochar columns decreased with a 2-yr return period and then fell further with a 50-yr return period. Porous material has been shown to improve the water-holding capacity of bioretention media, but it did not result in an improved R_v under heavy rain that exceeded the 2-yr return period. With the increase of the return period from two to 50 yr, the mass removal efficiency (R_L) of total phosphorus and phosphate illustrated a clear decreasing trend in all columns. The total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate removal did not show a clear trend with return periods because of transformations among different forms of nitrogen and similar saturation periods during the different rainfall events. The influence of the return period on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was related to whether the inflow COD reached maximum COD removal capacity of the bioretention media. Under a rainfall event with a specific return period, there were no significant differences in the R_L of all nitrogen species and COD among the different columns (p > 0.05). The addition of adsorptive material, such as activated carbon and biochar, may not be the key factor for improving nitrogen and COD removal under heavy rain that exceeds the 2-yr return period. The bioretention performance of phosphorus removal from urban stormwater runoff could be improved by replacing or adding media with high adsorption capacity, but these improvements would not be significant under heavy rain that exceeds the 2-yr return period. The results provide some reference for evaluating bioretention performance and optimizing bioretention design in the future.     

地区电网新能源消纳困难时段研究

文章主要研究了某实际电网新能源消纳困难时段。通过负荷特性分析,得出地区电网低谷负荷出现季节和典型日负荷特性,通过风电场、光伏电站出力特性分析,得出风电、光伏季节分布特性及日出力特性。在地区电网新能源消纳的困难时段分析基础之上,对困难时段负荷概率进行统计,得出困难时段的负荷取值,为新能源接纳能力分析提供重要的数据支撑。     

关于贝氏体形核和台阶机制的讨论--与徐祖耀院士等商榷

一些合金固溶化(或淬水)后在预贝氏体(孕育)期内等温淬火(或时效)，既保持高温时形成的晶体缺陷，又产生新的晶体缺陷。母相中由于溶质原子扩散而在缺陷处发生偏聚，则形成贫／富溶质微区，即类拐点(spinoclal—like)分解。当贫溶质微区成分作为Ms，其温度等于或高于等温淬火(或时效)温度时，贝氏体将以马氏体样切变形核，故贝氏体是在溶质原子扩散控制下切变形核。在TEM温台试验中未发现台阶生长机制，界面上巨型台阶是贝氏体增宽(厚)速度差异所致。     

浓硝酸装置高压釜技术改造的探讨

简要介绍淮化集团浓硝酸生产工艺，通过对热发烟硝酸生产的关键设备高压釜的进料管，筛板的改造，增加氧气压力，提高N2O4纯度等工艺调整，使高压釜的生产能力由原设计的12.8t热酸／h增加到38.6t热酸／h。     

Texaco煤气化装置长周期运行影响因素分析

介绍了Texaco煤气化工艺流程,从原料煤种、水煤浆浓度、操作工艺、关键设备等几个方面讨论了影响装置长周期运行的因素,提出了延长气化装置运行周期的措施。     

Increasing urea-N efficiency for transplanted lowland rice by pneumatic injection: Yield and economics at the farm level

To increase the fertilizer-N efficiency in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, new management practices are needed. Main cause of the present low efficiency is the low N recovery by plants, as a considerable part of the N applied is lost; deep placement techniques improve the recovery. A pneumatic injector, with which urea prills can be point-placed at a depth of 5–10 cm in paddy soils, was tested in 38 on-farm trials in 1989/90, mostly during the wet season. The experiments, located in Africa and Asia, focussed on differences in grain yield between conventional methods of broadcasting urea and injection by the pneumatic injector, at recommended N-rates. The study shows that the pneumatic injector is effective as a tool to improve the N fertilizer efficiency. The average yield increases per region, resulting from the use of the injector, ranged from about 250 to 1300 kg grain ha^–1. The value of the yield increase would allow most farmers to recover the costs of the injector within one season, even if labour was hired to carry out the injections. The average labour requirement of the injector was 40 hours ha^–1. In Indonesia, injection of prilled urea gave yields similar to those obtained with urea briquettes.     

高温浓硫酸用XDS不锈钢板材的研究

根据合金设计的理论，对高温浓硫酸用不锈钢进行全面的改性研究，进而开发出新型耐高温浓硫酸用不锈钢板材XDS。比较并论述了XDS不锈钢在高温浓硫酸中的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能，认为XDS不锈钢已达到国际先进水平，为制造硫酸厂的干吸塔、酸泵等设备提供了优异的钢材，也为低温热回收系统的应用创造了条件。     

一类考虑病毒发生变异的SIS疾病传播模型

为了研究变异行为对病毒传播的影响,提出了一个病毒发生变异的疾病传播模型,在模型中考虑了两种病毒相互转换的过程,计算机模拟结果表明,两种病毒的稳态感染比例与它们之间的相互转换概率γ1和γ2有关,当γ1＞0且γ2=0时,I1型感染者将消失,当γ1与γ2都大于0时,I1/I2与γ1/γ2成反比,且与α1/β1和α2/β2的取值无关.研究还发现病毒变异时由于缺乏对应的治疗药物和措施而出现一段真空期,这导致变异病毒的感染比例快速增加,但真空期的出现只能增加感染者的瞬时感染比例,而对稳态感染比例没有影响.该研究对人们深入理解病毒传播机理具有启发作用.     

我国玻璃纤维复合材料新时期的特点与对策

本文综合论证了玻璃纤维及其主要用途的复合材料工业概况,指出我国玻璃纤维复合材料工业已经进入一个新的发展时期.过去是以发展速度为主要特征,现在则以产品应用、质量提高为重要标志.本文对新时期我国玻璃纤维复合材料的技术方向和行业管理提出建议.