三峡升船机船厢室底板沉降监测 变形数据分析

三峡升船机是目前世界上规模最大和技术难度最高的升船机,其底板高程为50 m。为监测该底板在施工期间的沉降情况并研究沉降对升船机土建施工、埋件及设备安装的影响,对沉降监测数据及原因进行了分析,建立了变形与影响因素之间的数学模型。研究表明：该底板沉降呈周期性变化且在±2 mm左右,其影响可以忽略不计。     

深厚软基抛石挤淤加固机理数值模拟研究

抛石挤淤法在沿海高等级公路地基处理中广泛应用,但对加固机理研究较少,通过建立弹塑性有限元力学模型,对抛石挤淤处理的路基应力变形性状进行了分析。计算结果表明:①抛石挤淤处理后的地基能有效提高地基的模量,减小路基沉降和地基浅部水平位移,加速地基孔隙水压力的消散,因此抛石挤淤的加固机理在于人工硬壳层效应和加速排水固结效应;②抛石挤淤体厚度越大,路基沉降越小,而抛石挤淤体模量和宽度对路基沉降的影响较小,因此施工时应采取有效工程措施增大抛石的沉底深度;③填筑速率越大,路基工后沉降越大,预压期越短,路基沉降越大,因此施工时应严格控制施工速度,并保证足够的预压期使路基沉降满足工程要求。深入了解抛石挤淤的加固机理、应力变形性状和影响因素,有助于为设计和施工提供参考和指导。     

层状地基中群桩基础弹性理论解法及参数分析

根据Muki & Sternberg的计算方法,建立了层状地基中不同桩长、桩径、桩体材料情况下桩-桩间的相互作用系数,利用叠加原理对层状地基中群桩基础进行计算分析,通过与已有文献计算结果的比较,验证了计算方法的正确性,并对层状地基中群桩基础的沉降以及各桩的荷载分担情况进行了参数分析.计算方法得到的相互作用系数可以考虑桩的“加筋效应”.能够用来分析大规模群桩基础,具有一定的工程应用前景.     

Numerical simulation of two-phase flow in deformable porous media: Application to carbon dioxide storage in the subsurface

In this paper, conceptual modeling as well as numerical simulation of two-phase flow in deep, deformable geological formations induced by CO₂ injection are presented. The conceptual approach is based on balance equations for mass, momentum and energy completed by appropriate constitutive relations for the fluid phases as well as the solid matrix. Within the context of the primary effects under consideration, the fluid motion will be expressed by the extended Darcy's law for two phase flow. Additionally, constraint conditions for the partial saturations and the pressure fractions of carbon dioxide and brine are defined. To characterize the stress state in the solid matrix, the effective stress principle is applied. Furthermore, the interaction of fluid and solid phases is illustrated by constitutive models for capillary pressure, porosity and permeability as functions of saturation. Based on this conceptual model, a coupled system of nonlinear differential equations for two-phase flow in a deformable porous matrix (H²M model) is formulated. As the displacement vector acts as primary variable for the solid matrix, multiphase flow is simulated using both pressure/pressure or pressure/saturation formulations. An object-oriented finite element method is used to solve the multi-field problem numerically. The capabilities of the model and the numerical tools to treat complex processes during CO₂ sequestration are demonstrated on three benchmark examples: (1) a 1-D case to investigate the influence of variable fluid properties, (2) 2-D vertical axi-symmetric cross-section to study the interaction between hydraulic and deformation processes, and (3) 3-D to test the stability and computational costs of the H²M model for real applications.     

An ontology of slums for image-based classification

Information about rapidly changing slum areas may support the development of appropriate interventions by concerned authorities. Often, however, traditional data collection methods lack information on the spatial distribution of slum-dwellers. Remote sensing based methods could be used for a rapid inventory of the location and physical composition of slums. (Semi-)automatic detection of slums in image data is challenging, owing to the high variability in appearance and definitions across different contexts. This paper develops an ontological framework to conceptualize slums using input from 50 domain-experts covering 16 different countries. This generic slum ontology (GSO) comprises concepts identified at three levels that refer to the morphology of the built environment: the environs level, the settlement level and the object level. It serves as a comprehensive basis for image-based classification of slums, in particular, using object-oriented image analysis (OOA) techniques. This is demonstrated by with an example of local adaptation of GSO and OOA parameterization for a study area in Kisumu, Kenya. At the object level, building and road characteristics are major components of the ontology. At the settlement level, texture measures can be potentially used to represent the contrast between planned and unplanned settlements. At the environs level, factors which extend beyond the site itself are important indicators, e.g. hazards due to floods plains and marshy conditions. The GSO provides a comprehensive framework that includes all potentially relevant indicators that can be used for image-based slum identification. These characteristics may be different for other study areas, but show the applicability of the developed framework.     

真空-堆载联合预压法在软土路基处理中的应用

以苏州市工业园区桑田岛河湖相软土地基为研究背景,介绍了真空-堆载联合预压法的加固机理和桑田岛软土地基的工程地质条件,经过现场踏勘和室内土工试验的分析拟采用真空-堆载联合预压法对该软土地基进行处理。通过对真空预压试验段的地表沉降、水平位移的监测分析,对路基加固效果进行了评价,认为本试验段采用真空-堆载联合预压法处理是成功的,有效的提高了软土地基的物理力学性质及承载能力,在类似工程中推广应用是可行的。     

吹填土真空预压过程中夹砂层的作用机理

采用有限差分软件FLAC3D对吹填土中设置夹砂层进行数值模拟,研究了夹砂层对吹填土固结沉降的作用机理,结果表明夹砂层在吹填土中形成了水平向排水通道,可以提高吹填土在真空预压时的固结速度,增加固结沉降量,同时提出在夹砂层上下表面设置土工布的处理方法,有助于夹砂层在吹填土中的稳定成形,并起到限制吹填土不均匀沉降的作用。     

基于正态信息扩散原理的路基沉降模糊可靠度分析

基于正态信息理论,给出了路基沉降概率分布的拟合方法,并利用精度较高K-S检验法验证了该方法的正确性。将Beta分布引入路基沉降模糊失效事件的隶属函数中,解决了常用隶属函数存在的不足。同时,利用模糊可靠度理论,给出了路基沉降模糊可靠度的计算公式。最后通过工程实例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

加筋垫层法处理涵洞吹填土地基

结合吹填土的工程特性,介绍了涵洞吹填土地基的处理原则及流程。通过有限元计算模型的建立,对加筋垫层法处理涵洞地基的效果进行了研究,分析了不同的垫层宽度、厚度、土性参数和不同格栅层数、间距及刚度时,涵洞的土压力及位移规律,并对多层加筋时格栅的轴向拉力进行了分析。结果表明：加筋垫层法能有效地减小吹填土地基上涵洞的沉降,涵顶土压力随加筋垫层宽度的增大而减小,随垫层厚度的增加呈非线性增大,并逐渐趋于稳定;格栅层数和格栅刚度的增加对减小涵体沉降有一定的作用,但同时会使涵顶土压力增大。     

动荷载作用下路基沉降规律试验研究

以京化高速公路二期工程为研究对象,采用现场测试、室内试验等方法对路基填料的工程特性进行分析,并借助非线性有限元分析软件ANSYS进行仿真模拟,研究动荷载作用下路基沉降规律。结果表明,路基沉降受速度效应与加载循环效应双重因素的影响;沿深度方向路基的沉降呈减小的趋势;路基沉降量极值点位于循环荷载加载点正下方,最大沉降量约为9．624em。