Effect of molecular weight and branch content on the creep behavior of oriented polyethylene

Creep studies were carried out on a range of homopolymers and copolymers of polyethylene with well‐defined molecular weight and branch content. The creep data were analyzed in terms of two thermally activated processes acting in parallel and the effects of molecular weight and branch content are discussed. It is shown that increasing either the number‐average molecular weight or the weight‐average molecular weight gives improved creep behavior at all stress levels. The introduction of butyl branches leads to lower creep at low‐stress levels but can give rise to higher creep at high stress. Plots of the equilibrium log₁₀(strain rate) versus stress at fixed draw ratio (strain) can be used to define sections through a unique true stress/true strain/strain rate surface for each material. These creep results have an additional value in terms of the link between slow crack propagation (SCG) in polyethylene and fibril creep, confirming the proposal made elsewhere that SCG can be quantified in terms of creep to failure across the true stress/true strain/strain rate surface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1663–1670, 2003     

The influence of branch length on the deformation and microstructure of polyethylene

The length and number of side chain branches have a profound influence on the microstructure and physical properties of polyethylene (PE). For a series of linear PE copolymers: environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR), melting points, creep resistance and modulus, and equilibrium spherulite size were all found to increase with increasing branch length (methyl to hexyl) at a given density and molecular weight. It is proposed that (at a fixed molecular weight) branch length and branch concentration determine spherulite size and, consequently, spherulitic boundary areas, in which the dry crazing/voiding occurs during the incubation period of environmental stress cracking (ESC). At a fixed density, decreased spherulite size contributes to greater spherulite boundary slip and increased creep at low (less than 2 MPa) stresses.     

高速铁路无碴轨道预应力连续梁徐变影响分析

随着我国高速铁路事业的发展,越来越多的大跨连续梁桥得到应用.但是过去建设的大跨连续梁已有不少出现了挠度增大及表面开裂等现象,引起这些现象最重要的原因是混凝土的收缩徐变效应.本文选取合理的徐变系数后,从相对湿度、加载张拉龄期、二期恒载上桥时间三个因素对徐变影响进行研究,提出控制后期挠度变形的建议.     

A Thermo-Mechanical Study of Some Epoxy Adhesives Subjected to Combined Dynamic and Static Stresses

The object of the present study was to investigate the effect of superimposed dynamic and static stresses on mechanical and thermal properties of some epoxy adhesives. It was found that combinations of shear creep and torsional oscillations, applied simultaneously to adhesive joints at temperatures within the glassy range of the adhesive, led to strengthening of the joints in shear and to an increase in the glass transition temperature of the adhesive. Similar loading stresses applied at temperatures close to the T_g of the adhesive, led to opposite effects on the above mentioned properties of the joints. The width of the glassy-rubbery transition of the adhesives increased, in the whole range of temperatures used in this study and for all epoxy compositions, as a result of subjecting the joints to superimposed dynamic and static stresses. The broadening of the glass transition was interpreted as a result of the stiffening of polymer network during the combined stressing experiments. A linear relationship was found between the area of endothermal peaks in the first DSC scan of specimens subjected prior to test to superimposed dynamic and static stresses at temperatures below T_g, and the shear strength of the joints. In agreement with this observation and with literature data, a linear relationship was revealed also between the glass transition temperature of the resins (measured in the first DSC scan) and the shear strength of the joints. Based on experimental observations and on some literature information, it was suggested that the strengthening of the joint, as well as the changes in thermal properties of the adhesives, are mainly due to physical processes, such as short-range orientation of network chains and an increase in intermolecular interaction between highly polar sites of the network. The possibility that superimposed stressing led to changes in chemical crosslinking was discussed but it seems that no such reactions occurred.     

考虑多因素作用下的RC梁抗力时空退化模型

为研究钢筋混凝土结构锈蚀后的力学性能和抗力退化规律,基于RC梁加速锈蚀试验结果,首先综合考虑均匀锈蚀和点蚀同时发生的影响,对钢筋截面面积的时变模型进行分析,其次探讨裂缝宽度与氯离子扩散系数及RC梁抗力的关系,随后考虑受拉主筋锈蚀不均衡的影响,对结构抗力计算模型进行讨论,最后基于材料性能和结构尺寸的空间变异性,建立RC梁抗力时空退化模型,并对桥梁服役100 a后的抗力进行预测.研究发现:当考虑各参数的空间变异性时,不考虑裂缝影响得到的抗力值比考虑裂缝影响得到的抗力值高了9.91%;考虑各参数空间变异性时的抗力值比不考虑时下降了14.68%;适当的选取波动系数和单元尺寸对考虑结构各参数的空间变异性十分重要;潮汐区和浪溅区环境下结构的剩余抗力分别为初始抗力的43.23%和36.45%,较海岸线大气区环境下的抗力值分别下降了6.73%和21.35%,因此在结构服役期间,应尽量做好防腐措施,减少氯离子侵蚀对结构耐久性的破坏.     

非饱和滑带土非线性Burgers蠕变模型

基于非线性流变力学理论,建立了非饱和滑带土非线性Burgers蠕变模型。模型中不仅考虑滑带土非饱和特性-基质吸力对土蠕变特性的影响,同时考虑了与时间、应力状态有关的非线性黏滞体的流变特性,由非线性黏滞体替换Burgers模型中的线性黏滞体。对非饱和滑带土开展三轴蠕变试验,并对试验结果采用最小二乘法曲线拟合,获得了不同基质吸力下的蠕变参数,并将试验结果与Burgers模型拟合曲线以及提出的非线性Burgers模型拟合曲线进行对比。结果表明,采用非线性Burgers模型能很好地拟合试验结果,且与试验曲线的吻合程度、相关系数明显高于线性Burgers模型。     

预应力连续箱梁桥混凝土收缩徐变效应

混凝土收缩徐变效应对桥梁结构内力以及线形产生不可忽视的影响。混凝土收缩徐变机理复杂,影响因素多,随机变化量大,它对结构性能的影响至今难以得到精确的解答。文章以某改建连续箱梁桥为工程背景,通过建立有限元模型,模拟分析了预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥在成桥阶段和若干年后的收缩徐变效应,经过理论计算,得出混凝土收缩徐变对结构内力、线形的影响规律,期望能为同类桥梁的设计和施工提供参考。     

驾驶疲劳状态波动性特征的识别方法

针对疲劳状态变化的波动性特征,基于心率变异性指标构建了一种驾驶疲劳状态识别方法.以驾驶行为绩效为疲劳客观测评指标,给出了适应疲劳波动性特征的驾驶疲劳分级方法.以心率变异性的3项时域指标、5项频域指标为特征因子构建驾驶疲劳识别特征向量,结合支持向量机提出了一种适应小样本的驾驶疲劳状态识别模型.采用10名驾驶员连续4 h的驾驶行为绩效与心电数据,对模型方法予以了测试.测试结果表明:10名驾驶员1级、2级疲劳状态的正确识别率介于70%~82%,平均正确识别率为75%.     

土体抗剪强度指标变异水平对边坡稳定安全系数取值的影响

针对传统的边坡稳定极限平衡方法不能考虑土体抗剪强度指标变异性影响的问题,基于极限状态的概率分析原理,采用Monte-Carlo法对均质路堤边坡的稳定性开展了可靠度计算,讨论了稳定安全系数一定的条件下边坡失效概率随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的变化规律,分析了安全系数与边坡可靠指标的对应关系及其随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的变化特征。研究表明：边坡可靠度受土体抗剪强度指标变异性影响显著,呈现出随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平提高而急剧减小的趋势;为保证边坡具有相同的可靠性,安全系数的取值应与土体抗剪强度指标的变异性相适应,据此提出了基于可靠指标和土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的安全系数取值原则及其对应的三参数函数关系式。     

利用改进开窗转换法确定沥青离散松弛时间谱

为了精确地获得沥青胶结料的离散松弛时间谱,提出了一种改进开窗转换法的线性黏弹性材料函数转换算法．此方法可以用于离散延迟时间谱和离散松弛时间谱的相互转换．与开窗转换法相比,改进开窗转换法对于时间常数的设置更加精确,并且不会产生负数谱线．将改进开窗转换法用于一种传统非改性沥青的弯曲梁流变仪试验数据的离散延迟时间谱的转换,成功地确定了相应的离散松弛时间谱．经有限元模型验证表明,此离散松弛时间谱能很好地还原该沥青结合料的应力松弛特性．