陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖和降雨关系研究

基于2000—2014年陕北无定河流域日降水、DEM、土壤类型、MODIS NDVI等数据,利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)估算了流域土壤侵蚀情况,定量分析了植被覆盖和降雨在土壤侵蚀中的作用,结果表明:(1)无定河流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,平均占流域面积的88.35%,各土壤侵蚀等级面积比例随等级的升高而降低。2000—2014年微度侵蚀面积比例为下降趋势,轻度及以上等级面积比例均为上升趋势。(2)不考虑降雨因子影响时,无定河流域仍以微度侵蚀为主,且为增加趋势,而其他土壤侵蚀等级均为下降趋势。不考虑植被覆盖因子时,流域土壤侵蚀与模型计算结果的变化趋势基本一致。(3)植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀面积比例和变化速率的贡献率分别为13.67%和24.55%,而降雨作用达到86.33%和75.44%,表明降雨是流域土壤侵蚀的主要动力和控制因子,降雨变化主导着流域土壤侵蚀变化过程。     

Nonextensive lattice gauge theories: Algorithms and methods

High-energy phenomena presenting strong dynamical correlations, long-range interactions and microscopic memory effects are well described by nonextensive versions of the canonical Boltzmann–Gibbs statistical mechanics. After a brief theoretical review, we introduce a class of generalized heat-bath algorithms that enable Monte Carlo lattice simulations of gauge fields on the nonextensive statistical ensemble of Tsallis. The algorithmic performance is evaluated as a function of the Tsallis parameter q$q$ in equilibrium and nonequilibrium setups. Then, we revisit short-time dynamic techniques, which in contrast to usual simulations in equilibrium present negligible finite-size effects and no critical slowing down. As an application, we investigate the short-time critical behaviour of the nonextensive hot Yang–Mills theory at q$q$-values obtained from heavy-ion collision experiments. Our results imply that, when the equivalence of statistical ensembles is obeyed, the long-standing universality arguments relating gauge theories and spin systems hold also for the nonextensive framework.     

Surface activity of quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil

A number ofcis andtrans quatenary ammonium salts were synthesized from jojoba oil. All derivatives were found to be surface active agents, i.e., they reduced the surface tension to 35 dynes/cm⁻¹, at very low concentrations. The relationship between the surface activity and the molecular structure is discussed.     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺溶液性质研究

用粘度法和核孔膜过滤法研究了实验室自制相对分子质量约1000万的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAP)溶液的缔合效应,用粘度计考察了电解质浓度、温度和剪切速率对HAP溶液表观粘度的影响,并与相同测试条件下相对分子质量为1770万的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺3530进行对比。结果表明:HAP溶液在70℃的高温和矿化度为5727的高盐条件下,在1000mg/kg附近存在一临界缔合浓度,在临界缔合浓度以上,HAP溶液粘度迅速增加;而3530不存在临界缔合浓度,粘度增加缓慢。浓度为1250mg/kg的HAP溶液通过核孔膜20mL的过滤时间是347.3min,而相同浓度下3530的过滤时间仅为2.1min。浓度为1000mg/kg的HAP溶液即使在矿化度为30000、70℃的高温、30r/min转速的条件下,粘度仍达到32.8mPa·s,而聚合物3530的粘度仅有4.11mPa·s;当剪切速率增加到140r/min、温度为70℃,用矿化度为5727的模拟采出水配制的HAP溶液的粘度为9.21mPa·s,而3530溶液的粘度仅5.18mPa·s。HAP具有良好的耐温抗盐抗剪切能力。     

破碎覆岩回采巷道临界宽度研究

为了有效控制破碎覆岩回采巷道变形,根据其赋存特征采用工字钢架棚支护技术,分析破碎覆岩普氏拱结构的形成原理和研究回采巷道临界宽度。针对破碎覆岩回采巷道具有围岩破碎、强度低和不具有可锚性等特点,采用普氏拱理论,计算回采巷道围岩压力;当棚梁工字钢最大正应力等于工字钢屈服极限时推导出破碎覆岩条件下回采巷道临界宽度计算公式。以106煤矿为工程实例进行分析,结果表明：破碎覆岩回采巷道的合理临界宽度为4.4m;增大支护强度和减小巷道高度可有效提高破碎覆岩回采巷道临界宽度;如果需要更大的巷道宽度,可通过降低棚间距或增大型钢型号方法实现。     

临界组成区域的热敏导电材料加工工艺

研究了开炼，密炼及双螺杆挤出３种不同塑炼方式及采用压制，注射，单螺杆挤出３种不同成型方法对临界组成区域的热敏导电材料电性能及力学性能的影响规律，并对开炼，密炼两种工艺的混炼条件，加料方式及加料顺序进行了考察，结果表明，采用密炼工艺，炭黑（ＣＢ）粒子能得到均匀分布，电阻率较低，拉伸强度及断裂伸长率高，适中的剪切速率及温度有利于ＣＢ粒子分散，采用压制成型法所得样品各向同性。     

Failure load prediction of structural adhesive joints : Part 2: Experimental study

The objective of this study was to determine how the fracture of adhesive joints depends on elastic beam parameters describing the adherends and the applied loads. The basic specimen geometry was the cracked lap shear joint constructed of aluminium alloy with various adherend and bondline thicknesses. Loads were applied in different combinations of bending, tension and shear to generate a failure envelope for each adhesive and specimen geometry. It was found that crack propagation for precracked specimens occured at a critical strain energy release rate but was also a function of the G_I/G_II ratio and the bondline thickness. The experiments also showed that the loads required to propagate a crack in a precracked specimen were always lower than the loads required to break the fillet. Hence, by treating uncracked joints as being cracked, where the fictitious crack tip is assumed to coincide with the location of the fillet, a conservative estimate of the failure load is obtained.     

安全苛刻系统自动化测试的形式化语义模型

安全苛刻系统的可信性需求典型而迫切,其可信性评估和验证具有测试依赖性.安全苛刻系统一般是复杂系统,手工测试实际上不可行,发展自动化测试手段是必然趋势.针对安全苛刻系统测试过程自动化中存在的高阶协同、实时和时序性,以Ambient演算、CCS演算、论域理论等为基础,给出测试过程的高阶协同定义,建立一种层次化演算模型,为测试过程提供一种信息化和自动化手段.模型通过对被测产品、测试设备与测试任务的抽象与组织,给出安全苛刻系统测试过程自动化的工作模式.最后,通过扩展标记转换系统定义,给出高阶协同行为的收敛性和正确性的证明,论证了模型的可计算性,验证了安全苛刻系统测试的可自动化.模型已应用于航天器的自动化测试中,并成为航天器测试行为的日常工作规范.     

安全关键系统的栈空间分析研究

由于存储空间异常引起的系统故障,系统开发或维护人员很难从失效特征直接判断到根原因。另外,存储空间异常通常会引起整个系统崩溃,对于安全关键系统,如航空电子系统,系统的失效往往会引起坠机或人员伤亡,因此,对安全关键系统的空间分析显得尤为重要。由于系统栈空间的分析涉及系统动态运行状态,在程序的任意点都有可能被中断服务程序或实时操作系统的其它任务中断。此外系统的栈分析需要基于目标码等特性,再次增加了对于系统栈空间分析的难度。本文从栈空间分析的必要性出发,提出一种综合中断抢占图的栈分析理论和方法,并就安全关键系统如何保证栈空间使用的确定性进行论述。最后,就安全关键软件系统FCOS的栈空间分析过程进行详细的阐述。     

磺酸型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以壬基酚、1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸为主要原料,通过三步反应合成了新型的磺酸型Gemini表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA,讨论了合成反应时间、温度以及催化剂对产物纯度和产率等因素的影响,优化了反应过程。利用核磁共振谱和红外光谱表征了产物结构,并通过DCTA21表面/界面张力仪测试其水溶液中的表面张力。和传统表面活性剂相比,合成的Gemini表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA具有更高的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度和C20分别为6.2×10-4mol/L和1.1×10-5mol/L。