Agricultural use of three organic residues: effect on orange production and on properties of a soil of the ‘Comarca Costa de Huelva’ (SW Spain)

Disposal of urban, agricultural and industrial organic residues impliesan increasing problem because of all the economic and environmentalrepercussions involved. One of the most adequate ways of managing this problemis the agricultural use of these wastes as organic amendments. Three organicresidues (AC, olive mill waste water sludge compost; MWC, municipal solid wastecompost; and PS, paper mill sludge) were used in a 3-year field experimentinvolving orange production. The effect of their application on crop productionand on soil quality was investigated. Soil samples (0–20 cm depth)collected 11 months after the last soil amendment were analysed for: pH and EC,Kjeldahl-N, available-P, available-K, total organic carbon, humic substances,dehydrogenase, phosphatase, -glucosidase, urease andbenzoyl-argininamidehydrolysing protease (BAA-protease) activities. Generally, the application of the MWC and PSincreased orange yield when compared to control. Moreover, total organic carbonand humic substances significantly increased in soils treated with all theorganic amendments. Organic fertilisation increased the Kjeldahl-N andavailable-P contents of the soil. The application of the organic residues also causedsignificant increases in dehydrogenase, -glucosidase, urease andBAA-protease activities of the soil. Significant positive correlations (p <0.01) between these enzymatic activities and total organic carbon were foundforall treatments. Significant positive correlation between dehydrogenase, urease,-glucosidase, and BAA-protease and orange yield was also found. However,a clear inhibition of phosphatase activity was observed in soils treated withPS. The results indicate that the repeated application to the soil of moderateamounts of organic amendments has positive effects on the chemical andbiochemical properties of the soil, as well as on the orange yield.     

Late season nitrogen fertilization of soybeans: effects on leaf senescence, yield and environment

Nitrogen demand from soybean seeds during seed filling is very high and has been proposed as the cause of nitrogen remobilization and leaf senescence. Previous research has not shown consistent effects of late season fertilization on seed yield, while its effects on leaf senescence have not been evaluated. Two field experiments were performed to determine the effects of a late season N fertilization on leaf senescence and fall, seed yield and its components, and residual soil nitrate, and to evaluate the potential risk of groundwater contamination. Two rates of nitrogen (50 and 100 kg N ha^–1) were applied at the R3 and R5 development stages. Nitrogen fertilization, either at R3 or R5, increased soil nitrate availability during the seed-filling period. Seed yield, seed number and protein content were not affected by N fertilization. The addition of 100 kg N ha^–1 produced a small delay of 1–2 days in the leaf fall, and slightly increased seed size (3.6%). Our results suggest that increasing soil N availability during the seed-filling period is not an effective way to delay leaf senescence or to increase seed growth and yield of soybean. Nitrogen fertilization increased the level of residual nitrate in the top soil at one site (the one with lowest seed yield), increasing the risk of nitrate leaching during subsequent fallow.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon

The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.     

Lowland rice response to potassium fertilization and its effect on N and P uptake

Not much is known about the response of lowland rice to K fertilization under Brazilian conditions. A field experiment was conducted during four consecutive years to determine the response of three lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to K fertilization on a Low Humic Gley soil. In the first two years, K was broadcast at rates of 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168 kg K ha^–1. In the last two years K rates were reduced to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg K ha^–1 and applied in a band. Potassium significantly (P < 0.01) increased grain yields but the response varied from cultivar to cultivar and year to year. Yield responses to K fertilization were superimposed on a general trend of increasing grain yields across the four growing seasons. Mean grain yields increased 14.3% with broadcast application of K in the first two years and 10.4% with banded application of K in the last two years when compared to the control treatments. Extractable soil K increased with K application rate and decreased with soil depth. Potassium was rapidly removed from the soil and yearly broadcast or banded application of K can be expected to result in a significant increase in grain yield of lowland rice in these soils.     

硼酸与硫酸镁对硼收率影响的分析

介绍了在硼酸生产工艺中影响硼收率的主要因素。以生产系统中硼酸浓度和硫酸镁两个方面探讨了对硼收率影响的原因，并把分析结果应用于生产实践中，调整了部分工艺参数。证明：调整酸化浓度，控制母液中硼酸含量，硼的收率比以往确有提高，是一种不增加设备，不增加投资的行之有效的方法。     

浅析预焙阳极配料控制

分析了粉料纯度及配料控制对炭阳极生产和炭阳极成品率的影响，结合中国铝业青海分公司的生产状况，从预焙阳极配料控制方面，就如何提高炭阳极成品率、保持生阳极生产工艺稳定进行论述。     

大庆常压渣油催化裂解反应规律研究

采用小型固定流化床实验装置,以大庆常压渣油为原料,针对Ca-Al裂解催化剂,详细分析了催化裂解气体产品和液体产品的组成,考察了反应温度、剂油比、水油比和停留时间对裂解产物分布的影响。发现各操作条件对大庆常渣催化裂解产物分布具有不同程度的影响,其中反应温度的影响最大;随反应温度的升高,乙烯产率单调增加,而丙烯、丁烯和总低碳烯烃产率均存在一个最大值。在优化的操作条件下,乙烯质量产率可达25%,总低碳烯烃质量产率超过50%。     

腐植酸物质对盐碱化中低产田土壤理化性质及玉米影响的研究

通过田间试验探讨了复合改良制剂、草炭、风化煤等腐植酸类物质施用对盐碱化中低产田土壤理化性质及生长作物的影响，结果表明：复合改良制剂、草炭、风化煤施用对土壤理化性质均有积极的影响，与对照相比达到显著水平。玉米产量的方差分析表明，复合改良制剂处理与草炭、风化煤等处理差异显著，与对照差异极显著，增产率均达到30．67％以上。     

Effects of coralline lime on nutrient uptake and yield of field-grown sweet corn and peanuts in Oxidic soils of Western Samoa

Effects of coralline lime on yield and nutrient uptake by sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) and peanut (Arachis hypogea) were studied at three locations in Western Samoa. Coarse (0-10 mm) coralline material containing 31.1% Ca and 1.67% Mg was used as lime. There were two modes of application: band and broadcast, and three rates: 6, 12 and 18 ton ha^–1. In the highest rainfall location, marketable yields were increased by 250% for peanut and 160% for sweet corn by liming at 6 ton ha^–1, relative to the unamended control. Peanut yield increases were associated with reduced Mn toxicity and/or with Ca and Mg deficiency. Sweet corn was less susceptible to Mn toxicity, but more responsive to exchangeable Ca. The critical level of exchangeable Ca was found to be about 2.0 cmol(+)kg^–1. Applying lime to a band of 0.25-m wide did not reduce yield relative to broadcast. Soil cultivation caused the lime to spread over a wider band, diluting the applied calcium with a larger soil volume, suggesting that less than 6 ton ha^–1 broadcast coarse coralline lime could still be adequate for most Samoan soils.     

小型农作物温室大棚二氧化碳浓度监测系统

针对小型农作物温室环境指标监测的需要,设计实现了农作物温室大棚二氧化碳浓度监测系统。采用STC系列单片机控制,对农作物大棚内二氧化碳浓度进行近距离实时监测,采用TFT彩屏显示实时值和动态曲线,具有阀值调节,超过阀值报警,可实现小型温室农作物的生长环境二氧化碳浓度的实时监控。