Empirical approaches to estimate the nonlinear dynamic responses of earth-core rockfill dams subjected to earthquake ground motions

This study investigates three aspects of the dynamic response of earth-core rockfill dams (ECRDs) under earthquake loadings, including induced shear strain, increased fundamental period, and shear modulus reduction. A database of the recorded ground motions of ECRD cases in Japan is analyzed to carry out this study. The required response parameters as mentioned above are extracted by analyzing the acceleration time histories recorded at the dams’ crests and foundations. Subsequently, statistical analyses are performed to achieve the objectives of this study. A graph is developed describing the change in the dam’s fundamental period with the induced shear strain, and it is observed that the increase of the dam’s period is dependent on the increase in the shear strain levels. A relationship is established to estimate the anticipated levels of shear strain from the intensity measure (IM) of the earthquake signals. In the proposed predictive relationship, a new IM is used that can adequately characterize the severity of an earthquake. Finally, a curve and a range are suggested for the average shear modulus degradation of the ECRD’s core materials. The presented empirical graphs and relationships in this study are valuable tools to obtain an appropriate perception of dams’ nonlinear behaviour under strong earthquake excitations.     

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上水库面板混凝土施工控制

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上水库面板堆石坝混凝土施工质量控制着重于合理的配合比,同时控制好混凝土的拌和、运输、辅助入仓、浇筑、温控、养护等环节。对施工过程中存在的问题及时总结及时纠正或改善施工工艺。落实“三检制度”,明确工序责任到人,争创优质工程。     

寒冷地区结冰现象对混凝土面板堆石坝接缝止水体系的影响

针对北方冬季寒冷低温条件,研究了结冰现象对止水体系锚固系统安全性的影响程度。通过实验室模型试验,模拟测定了不同降温速率下结冰所产生的冻胀对锚固系统的拉拔破坏力值及冰与螺栓冻结强度、冰与扁钢压条及橡胶盖板的冻结强度等参数。研究了冻融循环对膨胀螺栓C30混凝土的锚固力及不同灌封型式的影响。在分析水位变化引起的冰盖对止水锚固系统的破坏作用基础上,结合试验测试结果,提出了寒冷地区止水锚固体系设计施工中应注意的主要问题和建议。     

基于DIC的含水尾砂堆积坝振动破坏研究

为探讨含水率对尾砂堆积坝振动破坏的影响,在室内直剪试验的基础上开展堆积坝模型振动台试验,结合数字图像相关技术(Digital Image Correlation Technology,DIC)研究了含水尾砂堆积坝的振动破坏规律、局部变形及损伤演化特征。试验结果表明:尾砂的黏聚力随含水率增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,并得到c-ω拟合公式,而内摩擦角变化较小,在30.03°～33.44°范围内波动;黏聚力对尾砂堆积坝稳定性和起裂时刻具有重要影响;坝体含水率对堆积坝破裂形态及破坏模式影响显著,高含水率16.0%坝体呈"局部单一式"拉伸破坏,低含水率5.6%坝体发生"交错溃散式"张拉—剪切复合型破坏,随着含水率增加,尾砂堆积坝振动破坏模式由拉剪破坏向张拉破坏主导过渡;基于局部应变场统计分析提出损伤因子定量表征坝面损伤,含水5.6%坝面损伤因子呈突发式增长趋势,呈现为脆性破坏,含水13.0%与16.0%堆积坝后期损伤因子增长缓慢,向延性破坏过渡。     

基于模拟-优化的重污染河流闸坝群防污调控研究

针对重污染河流频发的水污染事件,以淮河流域重污染河流沙颍河上的闸坝群为研究对象,基于MIKE11软件的HD和AD模块,构建了多闸坝河流的一维水动力-水质模型。在此基础上,建立了闸坝群防污调控优化模型。采用多目标遗传算法和模糊优选相结合的方法对模型求解,得到重污染河流闸坝群优化调控方案。在沙颍河的应用计算结果表明,所建立的模型能够有效地适用于淮河流域所开展的多闸坝水质水量联合调度,可为重污染河流开展闸坝模拟与防污调控研究提供技术支撑。     

考虑应力场与渗流场耦合的尾矿坝非稳定渗流分析

根据尾矿坝形成的特点，进行考虑应力场与渗流场耦合的非稳定渗流分析。根据弹性力学和渗流理论提出了耦合问题的力学模型及其控制微分方程，然后导出这一问题的有限元计算公式及相应程序。在计算中首次导出了尾矿坝的渗透系数与应力场的关系式，并进行尾矿坝的非稳定渗流分析。工程实例计算结果表明，考虑耦合作用的影响，尾矿坝渗流场的总渗流量减小，而应力场的各应力分量的最大值增大。     

FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN NON‐REGULATED AND REGULATED RIVERS FROM PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY IBERIAN SYSTEMS

The effects of river regulation on the hydrological cycle of a river and on the respective fish assemblage may differ according to dam operation purpose and type of river analysed. To assess the spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their response to the hydrological changes caused by two different types of flow regulation, we selected three sampling sites in four rivers with different levels of regulation, two in a permanent river system and another two on a temporary one, which we sampled in four different annual seasons. In the permanent system, hydroelectrical regulation decreased hydrological variability, which affected fluvial specialist species, benefitting the generalist ones, and created a more homogeneous community that presented less intra‐annual variation. In the temporary system, agricultural regulation caused an inversion of the hydrological cycle, maintaining a moderate flow volume throughout the drought period that benefited the introduced, generalist and more tolerant species. Monthly volume was recognized, in a temporal scale, as the most important hydrological feature for assemblages’ structure, predicting the intra‐annual variation of several ecological guilds. This study provides important considerations for dam management and riverine ecosystems conservation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别研究框架

针对重污染河流闸坝众多、水污染事故多发、防洪防污矛盾突出等问题,评估闸坝对河流水质水量影响,识别闸坝调控能力,是解决河流突发性水污染事故的科学基础和前提条件。探讨了当前闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别技术研究面临的关键科学问题,包括闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估技术方法,闸坝调控、入河污染负荷和河流水质变化之间量化关系模拟技术方法,闸坝对河流水质水量调控能力识别技术;并以淮河流域为例,结合淮河重大水专项国家需求和科技需求,初步提出闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别技术研究框架,旨在为闸坝水质水量联合调度提供理论支持。     

深厚覆盖层上高心墙坝地震惯性力动态分布系数研究

对于强震区坐落在深厚覆盖层(深度超过50 m)上的高土石坝,通过拟静力稳定分析结果初步判定其抗震稳定性是抗震设计的主要内容,其中水平向地震惯性力沿坝基覆盖层至坝顶的动态分布系数是关键。然而,现行《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》(GB 51247—2018)中地震惯性力动态分布系数多基于坐落在基岩上的高土石坝的动力响应规律确定,现有动态分布系数忽略了深厚覆盖层和地震动强度对地震动传播规律的影响。因此,以坐落在深厚砂砾石覆盖层上150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝为研究对象,结合现行土石坝设计规范和国内已建高土石坝实例,基于统计平均的方法确定了坝顶宽度、坝料分区、坝坡坡比、覆盖层材料的静、动力特性等关键参数,深入探讨了150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝在小震(0.1 g)、中震(0.2 g)和大震(0.4 g)规范谱地震动作用下不同深度砂砾石料覆盖层的动力响应分布规律,进而总结归纳出不同深度覆盖层下150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝的水平向地震惯性力的动态分布系数,将其引入到拟静力法稳定分析中,最后基于最危险滑动面和最小安全系数与现行规范所得结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,小震(0.1 g)和中震(0.2 g)下采用文中推荐的考虑深厚覆盖层和地震动输入强度影响的水平向地震惯性力动态分布系数时将得到更符合工程实际的评价结果。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层上的高土石坝抗震设计提供参考依据。     

红层上筑坝的经验及教训

白垩纪粘土质粉沙岩（俗称红层）具有亲水性,遇水软化、泥化、膨胀和失水于缩等特性,水库蓄水后,混凝土坝基常产生异常变形、渗流破坏、沿建基面滑动等问题,因而对红层上筑坝常有些忌讳。纪村电站是上世纪70年代在红层上建筑的小型电站,由于对红层特性认识不足,缺乏红层上筑坝经验,蓄水后最大泥化面积达108m2,摩擦系数明显降低,部分坝基扬压力很高,局部坝基面脱开,较多排水孔排出的水体中携带泥质沉积物。经多次处理,封闭了混凝土重力坝坝基,增加了防渗墙,完善了防渗铺盖,延长了渗径,放缓了渗流坡降,形成一个完整渗流控制系统。现工程已安全运行30年,其经验教训可供同类工程参考。