膜下滴灌棉田不同春灌淋洗定额压盐效果分析

随着节水灌溉技术的发展,新疆节水灌溉面积已达到178.53万hm2,其中膜下滴灌棉田面积达到59.133万hm2。滴灌棉田盐碱化是节水灌溉中产生的新问题,春灌是水利措施改良盐碱地的方法之一。通过对新疆巴州试验站膜下滴灌棉田的现场试验数据进行分析,得出合理的春灌淋洗定额,以减轻盐碱对土壤的影响。     

国内外非传统水资源开发利用

非传统水资源主要包括雨水、污水和海水。雨水收集利用、污水资源化和“海水开源”已经成为城市开发新水源的主要措施。阐述了国内外非传统水资源的开发利用现状和发展，总结国外非传统水资源开发利用的经验．并针对我国与发达国家在此方面的差距提出了相应的建议。     

Applicability of flashing desalination technique for small scale needs using a novel integrated system coupled with nanofluid-based solar collector

The present study introduces an attempt for the application of flash desalination technique for small scale needs. An integrated system uses a flashing desalination technique coupled with nano-fluid-based solar collector as a heat source has been made to investigate both the effect of different operating modes and that of the variation of functioning parameters and weather conditions on the fresh water production. The flashing unit is performed by similar construction design technique of commercial multi-stage flashing (MSF) plant. The thermal properties of working fluid in the solar collector have been improved by using different concentrated nano-particles. Cu nano-particle is used in the modeling to determine the proper nano-fluid volume fraction that gives higher fresh water productivity. An economic analysis was conducted, since it affects the final cost of produced water, to determine the cost of fresh water production. Although a system may be technically very efficient, it may not be economical. The effect of different feed water and inlet cooling water temperatures on the system performance was studied. The mathematical model is developed to calculate the productivity of the system under different operating conditions. The proposed system gives a reasonable production of fresh water up to 7.7 l/m²/day under the operation conditions. Based on the cost of energy in Egypt, the estimated cost of the generated potable water was 11.68 US$/m³. The efficiency of the system is measured by the gained output ratio (GOR) with day time. The gained output ratio (GOR) of the system reaches 1.058. The current study showed that the solar water heater collecting area is considered a significant factor for reducing the water production cost. Also, the produced water costs decrease with increasing the collecting area of the solar water heater. The volume fractions of nano-particle in solar collector working fluid have a significant impact on increasing the fresh water production and decreasing cost.     

水处理除盐系统出力不足的原因分析及处理措施

针对郑州热电厂五期补给水处理一级除盐系统酸碱耗大、自用水率高、出力严重不足等问题，对现场进行了调查研究，分析了主要原因，并提出了相应的处理措施，最终使问题得以解决。     

Experimental study of the specific energy consumption for brackish water desalination by reverse osmosis

The specific energy consumption (SEC) for brackish water desalination by reverse osmosis membranes was studied experimentally at various operating conditions of feed salt water concentration, temperature, recovery and applied pressure without an energy recovery device. The results were compared with ideal theoretical values. Low‐pressure experiments, corresponding to domestic applications, were performed with a maximum pressure of 8 bar. The energy consumption at normal operating conditions was assessed with a maximum applied pressure of 18 bar. In either case, the recovery was kept between 0.3 and 0.8. Deviations between ideal and experimental values of SEC are pronounced and even more so at the lower pressures and the higher salinity concentrations. The present experimental data for brackish water desalination did not indicate an optimum of the SEC, although for a given feed concentration lower values were obtained at higher pressures, temperatures and recoveries. However, an empirical fit of the present data suggests that an economic optimum for the design and operation may exist at pressures up to 20 bar and recoveries up to 50%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of a solar desalination pond as second stage in proposed zero discharge desalination process

This work represents the efficiency of a solar desalination pond as a second stage of proposed zero discharge desalination processes to reach fresh water and also concentrated brine from the effluent wastewater of the desalination unit of Mobin petrochemical complex. So a solar desalination pond is constructed after a pretreatment unit to concentrate the softened wastewater to about 20 wt%. The concentrated wastewater is as a suited feed for a forced circulation crystallizer. During one year, the effects of major parameters such as ambient temperature and solar insolation rate are investigated, experimentally. specific gravity in each layer of concentrated brine wastewater is evaluated. Also, evaporation rates are calculated theoretically and are verified by experimental data. Theoretical values predict evaporation rate accurately. Results show good agreement with experimental data. According to results, maximum evaporation rate is 5 l/m² day when the insolation rate is about 24,602 kJ/m² day Solar energy absorption factor on June is max. Also, experimental results show the best proposed time to gain highest thermal energy is on spring therefore performance efficiency of solar desalination pond promote on spring comparing with the other months. Extracted data for specific gravity prove the bottom of solar desalination pond, layer 1, is best zone for energy saving and energy utilization.Also, theoretical values of evaporation rate are calculated according to measured temperatures and related mass conservation equation. Comparison between theoretical and experimental values shows dusty weather, humidity and wind velocity affects on heat transfer coefficients approximately. So, deviations between theoretical data and measured values can be explained. Results show good agreements with experimental data.     

EFFECT OF ADDING A PASSIVE CONDENSER ON SOLAR STILL PERFORMANCE

A theoretical and experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of adding a passive condenser on the performance of the single slope, basin type solar still. A theoretical model based on Dunkle [1] mass transfer (evaporation) rate was developed. The model assumes that the transfer of water vapour from the still to the condenser is due to one or more of the following mass transfer modes; (i) diffusion, (ii) purging and (iii) natural circulation. The theoretical results indicate that diffusion contribution is relatively small. The contribution through purging represents the fraction [V(cond)/(V(cond) + V(s))] of the still yield, while it represents 75% of the still yield through natural circulation. An experimental study that simulates the purging mass transfer mode was investigated. The experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions and an increase of 45% in solar still efficiency was obtained.     

Wastewater desalination system utilizing a low‐temperature heat pump

A wastewater desalination system based on a low‐temperature air source heat pump was developed and studied in this paper. The system consists of 2 main parts: the wastewater flow process and the heat pump cycle. A series of experiments were conducted on the system under different conditions, and the effect of the evaporation temperature was investigated. This system can reach equilibrium at any evaporation temperature using the combination of the compressor and vacuum pump. To treat wastewater with low boiling point organic matter, the system was operated at a low evaporation temperature of 48°C. The organic matter remained in the concentrated wastewater, and the organic removal was approximately 97%. Three kilograms of treated water was produced in 1 hour with an energy consumption of 250 W. The performance ratio (PR) obtained from the experiments ranged from 4.6 to 7.3. The cost for treating 1 kg of water was 0.038 yuan CNY assuming 0.5 yuan CNY per kWh at the compressor frequency of 50 Hz.     

海水淡化是解决水资源问题的一个可行途径

水是国家重要的自然资源，随着各方面用水量的增长，水的供需矛盾日益突出。开发利用水资源是国家经济建设战略重点之一。就目前我国水资源的开发及利用所面临的问题，对开发水资源的几种方案进行了介绍。进而分析认为，应将其纳入客观经济规律的轨道，遵循实事求是、因地制宜的原则解决问题。海水淡化是解决水资源短缺问题的一个可行途径，应引起足够的重视。     

短程反渗透海水淡化工艺在海岛中的应用

根据海岛海水淡化的应用环境,分析了海岛对集约型海水淡化工艺的需求,提出了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺,从工艺原理、技术特点及在海岛中的应用优势进行了阐述,并通过300m3/d的工程案例从反渗透产水水质、压差能量回收装置性能和系统能耗等方面考察了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺的运行效果,处理效果验证了该工艺的可行性和技术优势。