可变负荷和可变回收率运行的小型苦咸水淡化装置的研发

为解决边远地区生活饮水安全问题,本文介绍了一种可变负荷和可变回收率运行的小型苦咸水淡化装置。该装置新增了变频器、电动阀和浓水回流管路,其中变频器和电动阀用于装置产水负荷的动态调节以增强对新能源发电输出功率波动的适应性,浓水回流管路可灵活设置装置的综合回收率,提高了对不同地区苦咸水的硬度和含盐量的适应能力。同时本装置还配有超滤、加药装置和UV杀菌器等较为完善的预处理设备,能适应不同的苦咸水进水水质（硬度、浊度和细菌污染等）。     

海岛多能耦合海水淡化远程监控系统的设计与实现

针对孤立海岛自然环境恶劣、常规能源供应紧张、专业运行维护人员缺乏等问题,提出了一种海岛适用的多能耦合反渗透海水淡化远程监控系统.该文从系统架构、多能组网供电和跟踪控制策略等方面进行了分析和阐述,实现了对岛用海水淡化系统的数据采集、能源管理、远程监控以及维护管理等功能,为进一步提高海岛供水安全性和装置运行稳定性提供坚实的技术保障.     

Water Resources Management under Competitive Sectoral Demand A Case Study from Jordan

Abstract

Jordan is a country plagued with water scarcity. The annual per capita share of water is currently estimated at 170 m³ and the figure is expected to drop to 90 m³ in the year 2020 as a result of the disproportional increase in population relative to water resources development. Moreover, about 70 percent of the country's water resources are consumed in irrigated agriculture. For most crops growing in all areas and seasons and managed with different production technologies, analysis of net return from unit volume of irrigation water showed, with few exceptions, low values pertaining to production under protected agriculture. Such a result indicated unjustified waste of water in the agricultural sector at the expense of the domestic sector. This paper reviews current challenges facing water management in the country and proposes short- and long-term alternative solutions.     

Janus Nano-Micro Structure-Enabled Coupling of Photothermal Conversion,Heat Localization and Water Supply for High-Efficiency Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation

Photothermal conversion, heat localization and water supply are the keys to achieving efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation. However, effective coupling between the three aspects at the air/liquid interface remains challenging. Herein, Au@Ag-Pd trimetallic nanostructure/polystyrene (PS) microsphere Janus structures are designed as the solar absorber and thermal insulator. The Janus structures deposited on a water supply layer act as a 2D interfacial solar evaporator. The PS microsphere localizes heat at micrometer scale and enhances plasmonic absorption of the Au@Ag-Pd nanocrystals supported on the microsphere. Meanwhile, the Janus structures divide the surface of water supply layer into multiple regions with sub-micrometer depths, lowering the evaporation enthalpy. Owing to the synergic effects of these components, the evaporator realizes a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 99.1% and an evaporation rate of 3.04 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in pure water under 1 sun illumination. The efficient solar-driven evaporation can last for over 40 h. Furthermore, the solar evaporator shows high-performance seawater desalination with salt removal ratios of near 100%. This study brings new insights for controlling evaporation thermodynamics and kinetics. The Janus nano-micro structure design can be extended to other systems for various solar-thermal applications.     

An Easy-to-Fabricate 2.5D Evaporator for Efficient Solar Desalination

Solar-driven steam generation, whereby solar energy is harvested to purify water directly, is emerging as a promising approach to mitigate the worldwide water crisis. The scalable application of conventional 3D evaporators is hindered by their complex spatial geometries. A 2.5D structure is a spatial extension of a 2D structure with an addition of a third vertical dimension, achieving both the feasibility of 2D structure and the performance of 3D structure simultaneously. Here, an interconnected open-pore 2.5D Cu/CuO foam-based photothermal evaporator capable of achieving a high evaporation rate of 4.1 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun illumination by exposing one end of the planar structure to air is demonstrated. The micro-sized open-pore structure of Cu/CuO foam allows it to trap incident sunlight, and the densely distributed blade-like CuO nanostructures effectively scatter sunlight inside pores simultaneously. The inherent hydrophilicity of CuO and capillarity forces from the porous structure of Cu foam continuously supply sufficient water. Moreover, the doubled working sides of Cu/CuO foam enlarge the exposure area enabling efficient vapor diffusion. The feasible fabrication process and the combined structural features of Cu/CuO foam offer new insight into the future development of solar-driven evaporators in large-scale applications with practical durability.     

Responding to water challenges in Greece through desalination: energy considerations

Abstract

Desalination technology, and reverse osmosis in particular, is used by several island authorities in Greece to address water scarcity. However, this is a highly energy-intensive technique, requiring the consumption of significant quantities of fossil fuels. The case of Syros Island is presented, to demonstrate the strong water–energy link in the operation of desalination plants. The article also discusses the use of renewable energy sources as a means for reducing the energy intensity of desalination.     

一种小型节能海水反渗透系统控制方案

在传统海水反渗透系统的基础上增加了能量回收装置,使得高压泵的流量等于产水流量,循环泵流量等于浓缩水流量,高压泵的尺寸得以减小,和无能量回收装置的系统相比,将减少能耗60%左右。能量回收装置本身无任何电气连接,只需控制其高、低压流量及输出压力,整个系统操作起来十分方便。     

锅炉补给水一级除盐系统的性能优化试验

离子交换除盐是目前应用广泛的锅炉补给水处理方式,其运行效果的优劣与电厂经济性密切相关.提出一级除盐系统优化运行方案.试验表明：除盐系统的再生剂流量与浓度更加合理,阳床与阴床的反洗、正洗流量减少,水耗降低;使再生酸、碱用量分别下降41.5%,47.1%,较大提高了补给水系统经济性指标.     

沧化18000吨/日反渗透高浓度苦咸水淡化工程

本文叙述了沧化18000t/d反渗透高浓度苦咸水淡化项目的总体设计和研制过程及运行情况，并对造水成本进行了简要分析。通过对系统的考核和测试，结果表明：各项技术指标达到了设计要求，造水较经济，有很好的示范作用。     

含海水淡化系统的海岛微电网经济运行优化

针对海岛供电供水困难的现状,将海水淡化系统引入到微电网中,解决海岛居民的水电供应问题。针对微电网经济运行优化算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,将遗传算法中的小生境种群策略引入粒子群算法中,提出了一种改进小生境粒子群算法,对学习因子进行异步变化调整,对惯性权重进行指数递减,改善了算法寻优性能。以考虑海水淡化经济收益的孤立微电网系统经济运行成本最低为目标,建立数学优化模型,以改进算法进行优化计算,分别与标准粒子群算法计算结果以及不考虑海水淡化系统的微电网经济运行优化结果进行对比,验证了引入海水淡化系统可提高系统的经济性,所提改进算法具有良好的寻优能力。