Holey graphene hydrogel with in-plane pores for high-performance capacitive desalination

Capacitive deionization is an attractive approach to water desalination and treatment.To achieve efficient capacitative desalination,rationally designed electrodes with high specific capacitances,conductivities,and stabilities are necessary.Here we report the construction of a three-dimensional (3D) holey graphene hydrogel (HGH).This material contains abundant in-plane pores,offering efficient ion transport pathways.Furthermore,it forms a highly interconnected network of graphene sheets,providing efficient electron transport pathways,and its 3D hierarchical porous structure can provide a large specific surface area for the adsorption and storage of ions.Consequently,HGH serves as a binder-free electrode material with excellent electrical conductivity.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements indicate that the optimized HGH can achieve specific capacitances of 358.4 F.g-1 in 6 M KOH solution and 148 F.g-1 in 0.5 M NaC1 solution.Because of these high capacitances,HGH has a desalination capacity as high as 26.8 mg.g-1 (applied potential:1.2 V;initial NaCl concentration:～5,000 mg.L-1).     

ZIF-8-NH2/有机硅杂化膜的制备及渗透汽化脱盐性能研究

石油和天然气开采、电厂脱硫及海水淡化等工业活动会产生大量的高含盐废水, 有效处理这些高盐废水是实现液体零排放的关键。本研究以多孔α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜为支撑体, 将氨基功能化的沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料(ZIF-8-NH₂)填充到1,2-二(三乙氧基硅基)乙烷(BTESE)中, 制得ZIF-8-NH₂/有机硅杂化膜, 将其应用于高浓度盐水渗透汽化脱盐, 并系统考察了ZIF-8-NH₂含量、进料温度与浓度等因素对其脱盐性能的影响。实验结果表明, 与BTESE膜及ZIF-8/BTESE杂化膜相比, 氨基功能化的ZIF-8-NH₂/BTESE杂化膜的水渗透率和盐截留率均有所提高。在连续50 h渗透汽化脱盐测试中, ZIF-8-NH₂/BTESE杂化膜表现出优异的结构稳定性, NaCl表观截留率始终保持在99.95%以上, 水渗透率保持在6.3×10^-11 m³/(m²×s×Pa)以上。此外, NaCl截留率几乎不受进料温度和进料浓度的影响, 在高盐废水处理领域表现出良好的应用前景。     

电厂宽负荷运行下蒸汽喷射器对低温多效蒸馏系统的影响

淡水资源匮乏问题日益严重,火电厂耦合低温多效蒸馏（low-temperature multi-effect distillation,LT-MED）海水淡化技术因可有效降低制水成本而被广泛利用。利用Ebsilon软件对某电厂和低温多效蒸馏海水淡化耦合系统进行建模,分析了电厂宽负荷下蒸汽喷射器对水电联产系统热经济性的影响规律。研究结果表明：基于单级蒸汽喷射器的水电联产系统,以电厂75% THA工况设计下的蒸汽喷射器的性能最佳。对于带两级蒸汽喷射器的水电联产系统,当电厂负荷在75% THA工况时系统的制水电耗量相比单级蒸汽喷射器系统降低了13.65%,并且电厂负荷在50% THA工况以上时,带两级蒸汽喷射器系统的制水电耗量较单级蒸汽喷射器系统的低。     

Structural/Compositional-Tailoring of Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Electrodes for Highly Efficient Capacitive Deionization

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) represent a crucial class of intercalation electrode materials for electrochemical water desalination. It is shown here that structural/compositional tailoring of PBAs, the nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrodes in particular, can efficiently modulate their capacitive deionization (CDI) performance (e.g., desalination capacity, cyclability, selectivity, etc.). Both the desalination capacity and the cyclability of NiHCF electrodes are highly dependent on their structural/compositional features such as crystallinity, morphology, hierarchy, and coatings. It is demonstrated that the CDI cell with hierarchically structured NiHCF nanoframe (NiHCF-NF) electrode exhibits a superior desalination capacity of 121.38 mg g⁻¹, a high charge efficiency of up to 82%, and a large capacity retention of 88% after 40 cycles intercalation/deintercalation. In addition, it is discovered that coating of carbon (C) film over NiHCF can lower its desalination capacity owing to the partial blockage of diffusion openings by the coated C film. Moreover, the hierarchical NiHCF-NF electrode also demonstrates a superior selectivity toward monovalent sodium ions (Na⁺) over divalent calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesim (Mg²⁺) ions, allowing it to be a promising platform for preferential capturing Na⁺ ions from brines. Overall, the structural/compositional tailoring strategies would offer a viable option for the rational design of other intercalation electrode materials applied in CDI techniques.     

Water Transport through Ultrathin Polyamide Nanofilms Used for Reverse Osmosis

Thin‐film composite membranes comprising a polyamide nanofilm separating layer on a support material are state of the art for desalination by reverse osmosis. Nanofilm thickness is thought to determine the rate of water transport through the membranes; although due to the fast and relatively uncontrolled interfacial polymerization reaction employed to form these nanofilms, they are typically crumpled and the separating layer is reported to be ≈50–200 nm thick. This crumpled structure has confounded exploration of the independent effects of thickness, permeation mechanism, and the support material. Herein, smooth sub‐8 nm polyamide nanofilms are fabricated at a free aqueous–organic interface, exhibiting chemical homogeneity at both aqueous and organic facing surfaces. Transfer of these ultrathin nanofilms onto porous supports provides fast water transport through the resulting nanofilm composite membranes. Manipulating the intrinsic nanofilm thickness from ≈15 down to 8 nm reveals that water permeance increases proportionally with the thickness decrease, after which it increases nonlinearly to 2.7 L m^?2 h^?1 bar^?1 as the thickness is further reduced to ≈6 nm.     

含海水淡化系统的海岛微电网经济运行优化

针对海岛供电供水困难的现状,将海水淡化系统引入到微电网中,解决海岛居民的水电供应问题。针对微电网经济运行优化算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,将遗传算法中的小生境种群策略引入粒子群算法中,提出了一种改进小生境粒子群算法,对学习因子进行异步变化调整,对惯性权重进行指数递减,改善了算法寻优性能。以考虑海水淡化经济收益的孤立微电网系统经济运行成本最低为目标,建立数学优化模型,以改进算法进行优化计算,分别与标准粒子群算法计算结果以及不考虑海水淡化系统的微电网经济运行优化结果进行对比,验证了引入海水淡化系统可提高系统的经济性,所提改进算法具有良好的寻优能力。     

Binary metal oxides incorporated polyethersulfone ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes for the pretreatment of seawater desalination

In this study, an attempt was made to pretreat seawater using polyethersulfone (PES) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporated with titania-based binary metal oxides. Two different titania-based binary metal oxides were prepared, namely titania-zirconia (TiZr) and titania-zinc oxide (TiZn). The influence of hydrophilic and negatively charged sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymer as additive of PES MMMs was also studied. Morphological and elemental analysis revealed that both ZrO₂ and ZnO were well dispersed in the as-prepared binary metal oxide TiZr and TiZn, respectively._. Thermogravimetry analysis indicated the good compatibility of TiZr and TiZn with the SPEEK/PES polymer. The binary metal oxide incorporated SPEEK/PES MMMs exhibited improved hydrophilic properties with a low water contact angle of 57° ± (0.6). SPEEK/PES MMMs incorporated with 0.5 wt% TiZr exhibited the highest permeability of 3.11 × 10⁻⁷ ± (0.2) m/s·kPa. Seawater pretreatment performance of membranes evaluated using natural organic matters containing high salinity feed water. TiZr and TiZn incorporated SPEEK/PES MMMs exhibited 95% rejection for humic acid. SPEEK/PES MMMs loaded with 0.5 wt% TiZr also showed the highest water flux and 87% water recovery within 90 min of seawater filtration. Both PES/SPEEK/TiZr and PES/SPEEK/TiZn MMMs exhibited superior antibacterial activity.     

Hydrophobic mullite ceramic hollow fibre membrane (Hy-MHFM) for seawater desalination via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)

A low-cost hydrophobic mullite hollow fibre membrane (Hy-MHFM) fabricated via phase inversion/sintering technique followed by fluoroalkyl silane (FAS) grafting is presented in this study. The prepared CHFMs were characterized before and after the grafting step using different characterization techniques. The pore size of the CHFM surface was also determined using ImageJ software. The desalination performance of the grafted membrane was evaluated in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) using synthetic seawater of varying salt concentrations for 2 h at various feedwater temperatures. The outcome of the evaluations showed declines in the permeate flux of the membrane at increasing feed concentration, as well as increased flux with increased feed temperature. The long-term stability of the membrane was achieved at time 20 h, feed temperature 60 °C, and permeate temperature 10 °C, the membrane achieved a salt rejection performance of about 99.99 % and a water flux value of 22.51 kg/ m² h.     

盘式太阳能蒸馏海水淡化研究进展

综述了近年来盘式太阳能蒸馏器海水淡化技术的研究进展,重点介绍了传统盘式太阳能蒸馏器和双斜面盘式太阳能蒸馏器,以及在此基础上演变出的各种主动式盘式太阳能蒸馏器。认为通过增加外置设备可增大热能利用率,从而有效地增大产水量;新型材料也必将成为今后研究的热点。